- Research
- Open access
- Published:
Efficacy of a digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in people with low back pain: a feasibility randomized co-twin and singleton-controlled trial
Pilot and Feasibility Studies volumeĀ 8, ArticleĀ number:Ā 125 (2022)
Abstract
Background
Digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-i) in people with low back pain (LBP) may be efficacious in improving both sleep and pain; and twin trial designs provide greater precision of treatment effects by accounting for genetic and early environmental factors. We aimed to determine the feasibility of a trial investigating the efficacy of a digital CBT-i program in people with comorbid symptoms of insomnia and LBP, in twins and people from the general community (singletons).
Methods
Thirty-two twins (16 pairs) and 66 singletons with comorbid symptoms of insomnia and LBP (>ā6āweeks duration) were randomized to digital CBT-i (intervention) or educational program (control) for 6Ā weeks. The digital CBT-I, Sleepio (developed by Big Health Inc.), was an online interactive, automated, personalized course comprising of six sessions, once a week. The education program was six emails with general sleep information, once a week. Participants were blinded to their group allocation and offered the alternative intervention at the completion of the study. Feasibility outcomes included recruitment and follow-up rates, data collection and outcome measure completion, contamination (communication about trial interventions), acceptability (adherence), credibility, and participantsā experience of the intervention.
Results
Sixteen out of 722 contacted twin pairs were recruited (recruitment rateā=ā2.2%). Twins were recruited between September 2015 and August 2018 (35āmonths) and singletons between October 2017 and Aug 2018 (10āmonths). Follow-up rates for post-intervention and 3-month follow-up were 81% and 72% for twins and 82% and 78% for singletons respectively. Adherence rates (percentage of sessions completed out of six) for the digital CBT-i were 63% for twins and 55% for singletons. Contamination (speaking about the study to each other) was present in two twin pairs (13%). Written or verbal feedback (nā=ā21) regarding the digital CBT-i intervention from participants were positive (nā=ā11), neutral (nā=ā5), or negative (nā=ā6).
Conclusions
Online CBT-i was received favorably with people with comorbid symptoms of insomnia and LBP. While the online data collection was successful, strategies need to be implemented to improve adherence, follow-up, control group credibility (for digital CBT-i), and twin recruitment rates (for twin trials).
Trial registration
Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12615000672550). Registered 29 June 2015
Key messages regarding feasibility
-
The feasibility of digital CBT-i for people with LBP and the recruitment of twins in an RCT are uncertain.
-
For digital CBT-i, feasibility goals were met for data collection, but not for follow-up and adherence. For an RCT involving twins, feasibility goals for contamination of intervention were met but not for recruitment.
-
This study identified strategies to improve adherence, follow-up, control group credibility for digital CBT-I for people with LBP, and recruitment rates for twins for the main study and future similar studies.
Background
Low back pain (LBP) is the lead cause of years lived with disability in Australia and worldwide [1], and its impact on disability-adjusted life years is expected to continually increase with the aging population [2]. Recent studies on LBP have encouraged the need for clinicians and researchers to assess and address modifiable comorbidities [3], including insomnia. People with insomnia have twice the odds of reporting chronic LBP (ORā=ā1.99, 95% CI [1.79ā2.21] [4], and the presence of comorbid insomnia in people with LBP is associated with higher pain intensity (mean differenceā=ā13.0/100, 95% C I [1.5ā24.5]) [5], and outpatient costs [6]. Because the relationship between insomnia and pain intensity has been regarded as bidirectional [7,8,9], the management of insomnia in people with LBP has the potential to improve both sleep and pain.
International guidelines recommend cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT-i) as the first line of care for insomnia [10,11,12,13,14,15]. A recent systematic review conducted by our group concluded that the use of face to face CBT-i for insomnia for people with comorbid chronic LBP reduced insomnia severity (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Indexā=āāā3.90/21, 95% CI [āā5.65, āā2.15]) and pain intensity (visual analog scaleā=āāā8.49/100, 95% CI [āā16.46, āā0.53] ) [16]. However, patient access to face to face CBT-i can be problematic [17] due to its high cost and limited availability of trained therapists [18, 19], which need to be addressed for people with limited access to specialize healthcare facilities [20].
Digital CBT-i has proven successful in delivering insomnia treatment by increasing accessibility and lowering costs [18, 21]. Sleepio, developed by Big Health Inc., is an online application which has improved insomnia symptoms (effect sizeā=ā1.1ā1.5 vs control) in randomized control trials [21, 22]. However, the acceptability (adherence) to digital CBT-i may differ in people with comorbid LBP and insomnia (e.g., if people believe that an LBP focused treatment is better to manage both conditions) and impact the efficacy of the intervention to improve insomnia and pain in this population.
There has been growing interest from the musculoskeletal research community for designing randomized co-twin controlled trials [23,24,25]. This design allows optimal matching to control for genetic and early life environmental factors which may contribute to more precise treatment effects [26]. Genetics may influence peopleās responses to treatment, as LBP (21-67%) [27] and insomnia (38-59%) have high heritability rates [28], and familial factors are known to influence peopleās response to common treatments for LBP such as physical activity [29]. Within-pair analysis in this trial design may provide up to 14 times the statistical power compared to the general population (singletons) due to optimal matching of age, sex, family background, and genetics [30, 31]. However, feasibility aspects such as recruitment rates of twins from twin registries e.g., Twins Research Australia (TRA), and potential design limitations e.g., ācontamination of interventionā (communication between participants about trial interventions) are yet to be evaluated.
The aim of this feasibility randomized co-twin and singleton-controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of a digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in people with low back pain were to investigate: (1) the rate of recruitment of adult twins and singletons from the general population to participate in the trial (number of people randomized), (2) the feasibility of online data collection and outcome measure completion, (3) contamination of intervention among twins, and (4) acceptability, credibility, and participantsā experience with Sleepio.
Methods
Study design
The protocol of this feasibility randomized co-twin and singleton-controlled trial for people with comorbid symptoms of insomnia and chronic LBP (SleepBack) has been previously published [32]. There are two deviations from the protocol, (1) the inclusion of a singleton cohort and (2) broadening of the inclusion criteria for symptoms of insomnia, and they are described below. The present study has been approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Sydney (2015/386) and registered (ACTRN12615000672550). The protocol has been written following the SPIRIT statement [33], and findings reported according to CONSORT [34] statement and the TIDieR checklist [35].
Participants
A total of 32 twins (16 pairs) and 66 singletons were recruited between November 2015 and August 2019. This was a deviation from the original protocol, where only 30 twins (15 pairs) were proposed to be recruited. There were two reasons for this change: (1) we observed a lower than expected recruitment rate for twins and (2) to allow a comparison of the feasibility of recruiting samples of twins and singletons.
The process of trial recruitment differed for twins and singletons. Twins were recruited in collaboration with TRA, an organization that operates as a twin registry and national twin research center. TRA invited twins through email to participate in the trial [32] as well as in a twin observational study for LBP (AUTBACK study [36]). In consideration of recruitment costs, this was initially a targeted approach of twins who indicated having LBP in a 2014 TRA health survey. At the end of the participant information sheet, twins were invited to answer a preliminary screening questionnaire. This preliminary screening questionnaire confirmed whether interested twins had current LBP and sleep problems. Complete twin pairs (i.e., both twins responding to the invitation) who expressed their interest were contacted by the TRA to confirm their preliminary eligibility and consent.
For singletons, we invited twins from incomplete twin pairs (i.e., individuals who were interested but their twin was not), as well as people from the general community via newsletters (e.g., NSW Seniors Cardsā newsletter), posters, websites, and social media (e.g., Facebook). Twins and singletons who were interested in participating in the trial were contacted by the research team either by phone or email and given the study Participant Information Statement via REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture) hosted at the University of Study [37]. Those who agreed to participate underwent formal comprehensive self-reported screening via REDCap.
Clarification of screening responses were followed up by telephone and email. To be included in the study as a twin pair, both twins needed to meet all the criteria and had their zygosity ascertained. The inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria were identical to the protocol (Table 1) [32], except for one modification which had been approved after the publication of the protocol. In the initial protocol, a cut-off score of ⤠16 was used as an indicator of probable insomnia; however, this stricter cut-off (higher scores indicated better sleep) was relaxed as it excluded a significant number of participants. Singletons only needed to individually satisfy the same modified criteria.
Assessments
The patient outcomes have been described in detail in the protocol (TableĀ 1) [32]. Patient outcomes were assessed via online questionnaires at baseline, post-intervention, and 3-month follow-up. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) [38] and Sleep Condition Indicator (SCI) [39] were also collected, and approved in the original ethics application, but were not mentioned in the protocol manuscript.
Participants were asked to complete the Intervention Credibility Scale 1-week post-allocation. All questionnaires were conducted via online self-reported questionnaires through REDCap. Reminders were sent to participants at 7ādays by email and phone text message and at 2āweeks by phone call.
At post-intervention, blinding was assessed with the question āWhich intervention did you receiveā with the response options being āreal (experimental) interventionā or āsham (control) intervention.ā Twins also answered the questions regarding contamination of intervention at post-intervention and were phone interviewed on their opinion regarding the sleep intervention and their experience with the study.
Randomization and blinding
Twins were block randomized so that each twin within a pair was allocated to a different intervention group. Singletons were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to ensure both groups had the same number of allocated participants. Randomization was performed by a computer-generated random allocation schedule by a remote researcher. The remote researcher was blinded from the participant characteristics and the allocation was concealed from participants, the main assessor, and the trial statistician of the study. All participants were contacted via phone to commence their interventions and blinded to whether they received the real intervention or sham. Twin participants commenced their interventions in a synchronized manner and were asked not to discuss with their co-twin about the study intervention they were receiving.
Intervention and control groups
The study groups have been described in detail in our protocol [32]. The experimental group received digital CBT-i in the form of an interactive, automated, personalized course comprising of six sessions, once a week (Sleepio [21, 40]) (Appendix 1). The control group received a general digital education program in the form of six weekly emails to match the experimental intervention period and frequency of online interactions with participants. Each weekly newsletter content was different, with information regarding sleep mainly extracted from the Sleepio library. The sleep education alone is known to not be effective at improving insomnia [41, 42] and hence used as the control. In our Participant Information Statement, participants were informed that they would be offered the alternative intervention at the completion of the study if they wished so.
Outcomes and criteria for feasibility
Recruitment rate
Records were kept for the number of twins approached by the TRA. The number of twins and singletons screened by the researchers, eligible for the trial, and recruited were recorded. The feasibility criteria were that (1) ā„ 10% of twins contacted by the TRA were recruited and (2) ā„70% of eligible twin pairs consented to be included in the trial [32]. No recruitment rate criteria were set for singletons.
Data collection and outcome measure completion
The number of missing items for each study questionnaire at baseline and follow-up were used to determine data completion. Questionnaire reminder emails, phone messages( and phone calls were utilized at 7 and 14ādays after the assessment was due. Participants who did not submit their questionnaire answers were counted as lost-to-follow-up. The reasons and number of lost-to-follow-up and withdrawals at each phase of the study were also noted. During the end of study phone interview, twin participants were asked about their experience with the online data collection method, including whether they had any difficulties in answering the questionnaires. The feasibility criteria were based on the PEDro scale [43], with ⤠20% missing data for outcome measures and ā„ā85% follow-up rate [32].
Contamination of intervention
While the randomized co-twin control design has many advantages, there is a potential for twins to indirectly or directly inform their co-twin on intervention allocation (contamination of intervention) and compromise the integrity of participant blinding. This may happen despite allocation being concealed to participants as they may share the details of their intervention. All participants were asked to not discuss the nature of their intervention with any other participant (e.g., their twin) for the duration of the study. Possible contamination of intervention was assessed via online questionnaires which asked participants if they discussed with their co-twin about the interventions, they were confident that their intervention was not known by their co-twin, they were aware of the intervention their co-twin received, and if they changed their behavior as a consequence of knowing their twinās intervention. Contamination of intervention was also evaluated in the phone interviews with the following question āDid you speak with your twin about your intervention or work out what your twin received?ā. We also assessed how often twins spoke to each other and whether they lived together. The pre-specified feasibility criterion was ⤠15% of the twins being aware of the intervention their co-twin was receiving [32]. This criterion was based on the ā„ 85% follow-up rate on the PEDro scale [43], as contaminated twin pairs may be considered a data lost to follow-up.
Acceptability, credibility, and participantsā experience of the intervention
For the digital CBT-i group, the following information on the acceptability and experience with the intervention were assessed: percentage of sessions attempted out of six (adherence) and whether they would recommend the intervention to another person (at the 3-month follow-up). For the educational control group, there were difficulties in ascertaining adherence as the email newsletters did not have a tracking mechanism. Intervention credibility was assessed at 1-week post randomization, by using four modified prospective questions from Borkovec and Nau [44] to investigate whether our experimental and control intervention were equally credible. Opinions regarding the intervention were asked during the follow-up questionnaire and phone interview. The feasibility criterion for adherence was ā„ 75% participants completing at least four of the six sessions [32], based on trials conducted for CBT-i (Sleepio) [21].
Data analysis
Descriptive statistics were used to detail the baseline characteristics of twins and singletons. Analyses were focused on the variability of the data and assessed by 95% confidence intervals (CI). The results for all feasibility outcomes were detailed separately for twins and singletons for comparison.
Feasibility results
Flow of participants and recruitment rate
In the first round of recruitment (September 2015 to April 2016), 719 potential twin pairs were directly contacted by TRA, and 30 pairs met the preliminary screening questionnaire and had their details forwarded to the researchers. A total of 18 pairs completed the formal comprehensive screening questionnaire, where four pairs met the complete inclusion criteria and were recruited. In the second round of recruitment (August to December 2016), the insomnia inclusion criterion was modified and another eight pairs were recruited. In the final round of recruitment (July to August 2018), participants who had completed the observational AUTBACK study [36] were contacted, and the final four pairs were recruited. Costs were only pertained to the 2015ā2016 recruitments which involved TRA directly contacting participants and totaled AUD 5956.50.
In total, from September 2015 to August 2018, 722 twin pairs were contacted directly by the TRA, 52 pairs expressed interest and were contacted by researchers, and 32 pairs were screened. Of the 17 twin pairs who were eligible after answering the formal comprehensive screening questionnaire, 16 pairs were recruited (94.1%) as one pair stated they were not available to participate in the trial (recruitment rate 2.2%) (Fig.Ā 1). Fifteen of these pairs were monozygotic, and one pair was dizygotic. Therefore, the feasibility criteria of āā„ 10% of twins contacted by the TRA were recruitedā was not met, but the criteria of ārecruiting ā„70% of eligible twin pairsā was. The characteristics of the participants are described in TableĀ 2.
The singleton recruitment via the general community between October 2017 and August 2018, and the reasons for eligible participants discontinuing (nā=ā35) are described in Fig.Ā 1. Most potential participants found out about the study via the NSW Seniors Cardsā newsletter (nā=ā212), followed by social media (nā=ā23). There were no costs pertained in their recruitment via the general community. Individual twins (nā=ā5) from the TRA that only met the eligibility criteria themselves and not their twin, were included in the singleton cohort.
Outcome measure completion, follow-up rate, and data collection
In our online surveys (REDCap), responses to most clinical outcomes were mandatory, which should have resulted in no missing values for participants who submitted the questionnaires (Table 3). However, the SCI was only considered as a follow-up outcome partway through the study, and therefore, 15 out of 23 twins who submitted the follow-up questionnaire did not have data for the SCI (total of 24 missing out of 32, 75%). The International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form [45] and PSQI were not mandatory, so some submitted questionnaire have missing responses to their outcomes. Some participants had partially completed but did not submit their questionnaires which resulted in a lower percentage of missing values compared to the percentage of people who were lost-to-follow-up or withdrew (Fig. 1). Overall, the total percentage of missing values across baseline, post-intervention, and follow-up were 13% for twins and 13% for singletons, which met our feasibility criteria (⤠20%).
Follow-up rates for the twins for the post-intervention and follow-up surveys were 81% and 72% respectively and for singletons 82% and 78% respectively and therefore did not meet our feasibility criteria (ā„ 85%). This result was mainly due to lost-to-follow-up, although four participants withdrew from the study (Fig.Ā 1). For the digital CBT-i groups, one twin withdrew due to ātechnical difficulties,ā two singletons withdrew due to āno change or improvement in sleepā (nā=ā1), and āgoing overseasā (nā=ā1). All those who withdrew from the digital CBT-i group only completed the first session. For the control group, one singleton withdrew stating that their āsituation had changedā and did not wish to discuss further. All participants who withdrew did not submit their responses for their post-intervention and follow-up questionnaires. There were no differences in the follow-up rates between the digital CBT-i and control groups at post-intervention or follow-up for twins (pā=ā0.31 and pā=ā0.35) and singletons (pā=ā0.31 and pā=ā0.92).
There were no major difficulties with using the REDCap software for data collection. Participants had no issues assessing the survey link via email. Five participants had initial difficulties answering certain questions in the right format which prevented the completion of the questionnaire, and this was rectified with the researchers. Three participants had trouble answering questions which used a slider scale on mobile devices, but this was resolved by using a computer instead. Phone interviews were conducted for 20 of the 32 twin participants (63%) at the end of the study, and all found the online questionnaires easy to understand, relevant, and acceptable in length of time to complete.
Contamination of intervention
The online responses for twins to assess contamination at follow-up are detailed in TableĀ 4. From the questionnaire responses, four participants reported talking to their twin about the intervention they received (13%), two reported being aware of the intervention their twin received (6%), but none reported changing their behavior as a consequence of knowing their twinās intervention. Therefore, the feasibility criterion of ⤠15% being aware of the intervention their co-twin was receiving, was achieved.
In phone interviews with twins, two pairs (13%) reported discussing the study with each other and one pair had clearly shared what each of them received. Another pair reported noticing that her twin had different sleep habits to them. Two pairs reported living together, six pairs reported living in the same suburb and nine pairs reported communicating daily with each other.
Acceptability, credibility, and participantsā experience of the intervention
Ten out of 16 twin participants (63%) in the intervention group completed at least 4 of the 6 sessions of digital CBT-i, and for singletons, this was 18 out of 33 (55%) (TableĀ 4). This did not meet the adherence feasibility criteria (ā„75%).
At 1-week post-randomization, Total Intervention Credibility Scale Scores (0ā24) were below 12 for control groups in the twin (meanā=ā10.69, SDā=ā3.43) and singleton cohorts (8.75, SDā=ā4.71) (TableĀ 4). This suggests that participants did not find the control group credible. Total Intervention Credibility Scale Scores were higher in the digital CBT-i group compared to the control group, for both the twin (mean differenceā=ā4.61, 95% CI [1.76ā7.46]) and singleton cohorts (4.62, [1.94ā7.31]). Both totals were above 12 and suggest that the digital CBT-i was credible. There were no significant differences in the responses to each of the four questionnaire items or the total score, between twins and singletons.
Answers to the blinding question asked at post-intervention also suggested that participants did not find the control group credible. If participant blinding has been maintained and if both groups were equally credible, then only 50% of participants should be able to guess their allocation. However, for the twin cohort, 82% of participants in the intervention group and 64% for the control guessed their group correctly, and for singletons, this was 77% and 85% respectively. These results were consistent with the overall impression from participant comments regarding their intervention at 1-week post-randomization and at post intervention (TableĀ 5).
There were six occurrences (6%) of technical difficulties where participants had trouble assessing the intervention. Three of these were difficulties in locating the link to online sessions, the other three with issues with access through mobile devices and video playback (i.e., ā[I] could not get the video to openā). While digital CBT-i users had an option to contact the digital interventionās own technical support, these participants reported their difficulties to the researchers and the researchers troubleshooted all these cases. The remainder of the participants in the intervention group had reported no difficulties accessing the digital intervention.
Overall, participants had a positive experience with the digital CBT-i intervention. Out of 21 comments, eleven were positive, five were neutral, and six were negative (TableĀ 5). Positive experiences mainly included the comments regarding improvements in sleep (nā=ā5), improvements in pain (nā=ā1), and the interactiveness of the program (nā=ā2). In comparison, of the control group feedback, five were positive, three were neutral, and fourteen were negative. Adverse events were not explicitly evaluated in the present study due to the relatively safe nature of the CBT-i intervention; however, one participant reported more fatigue than usual.
Discussion
Feasibility summary
A trial exploring the efficacy of a digital CBT-i in people with comorbid symptoms of insomnia and LBP over 6 weeks with 3 months follow-up found that the intervention was accessible but not fully feasible in its current state for twins or singletons. For twins, feasibility goals were met for contamination of intervention and data collection, but not for recruitment, follow-up, and adherence. For singletons, the criteria for follow-up rate and adherence rate were not met. For this trial to be feasible for twins or singletons, several trial design strategies may need to be implemented.
Recruitment rate
The recruitment rate for twins (16 pairs over 3āyears) may have been higher if recruitment strategies were fully focused on the present study. The recruitment of twins from TRA initially advertised both the AUTBACK [36] study and the present study (SleepBack) and gave twins the choice to participate in either study. The low recruitment rate (2.2%) may have been attributed to participants having more interest in the AUTBACK study as it did not have insomnia as an inclusion criterion for both twins. Financial costs were a limiting factor for recruitment, as there were costs per twin pair (AUD 9) for invitational emails, phone calls, follow-up, and administration. Therefore, in our protocol, we only had the TRA directly approach twins which reported having LBP for >ā6āweeks in a 2014 TRA questionnaire and this targeted approach may have many twins who did not currently have LBP. Potentially as technology improves the costs to invite participants will decrease and enable faster recruitment for the same budget.
Adherence, control group credibility, and follow-up rate
Adherence rates to the digital CBT-i sessions (55ā63%) were lower than previously reported trials [21, 22] of Sleepio for people with symptoms of insomnia only, where 58ā85% completed ā„ 4 out of 6 sessions. Adherence rates were also lower than a face to face CBT program which included both insomnia and pain components, for adolescents with comorbid migraine and insomnia [46].
While participants were not asked about reasons for non-adherence, we hypothesize several potential reasons for this difference in adherence rates in both groups. Our participants were people with comorbid symptoms of insomnia and LBP, and this comorbidity may made adherence more difficult due to widespread effects of pain on emotional, cognitive, and physical function [47]. More importantly, some participants were not primarily seeking care for insomnia. While our interventions for our experimental (Sleepio) and control group (education) were designed to target insomnia only, some participants expected pain to be directly addressed (āThe intervention has laid out sleep goals, however, yet to address back pain issues.ā). Therefore, to improve adherence for the experimental group, the digital CBT-i may need to be tailored to provide pain advice and education so that both insomnia and LBP are targeted.
In the control group, the credibility scores and comments such as āDoesnāt seem like much of an intervention. Only some information (most of which general knowledge)ā indicated poor acceptability of the treatment. A more credible control may have been needed, as one participant said āIt was fairly obvious I was in the control group as it was just random facts about sleep. Nothing that could help me and there was no request for to actually do anything to change my behavior.ā Instead of an educational email newsletter, a digital application which delivers general information but also requests participants to record a sleep diary might be a more credible control.
In the present study, poor adherence to the digital CBT-i and poor credibility of the control group may have also potentially reduced the follow-up rate. Addressing these with the above suggestions may partially rectify this. Other ways to improve follow-up rates may include (1) altering the reminder system and (2) building better rapport with participants. Instead of email reminders with the questionnaire link on the day, text messages at 7ādays, and phone calls at 14ādays, it may be more effective to have both the email and text reminder messages with the questionnaire link on the day [48]. Improving the closeness of the survey completion time to the measurement period will also ensure better accuracy of the outcomes. Periodical text messages (e.g., fortnightly) to check up on participants on their progress with their intervention, might be used to improve rapport and follow-up rate
Strengths and limitations
The major strength of the present study is the randomized controlled trial design which included concealed allocation, blinded outcome assessment, blinded analysis, intention-to-treat analysis, and the prior publication of the protocol. Online electronic surveys have ensured more potentially cost-effective and accurate measurements of adherence, credibility, and clinical outcomes compared to handwritten surveys. We have included cohorts of twin and singletons for relevant comparison of feasibility. The present study has been reported following the CONSORT statement [34] and TIDieR checklist [35].
There were several limitations in the present study. Firstly, most participants were contacted via telephone (twins) or online (twins and singletons), which may represent a cohort which was more interested in addressing insomnia and have greater access and competencies in using digital platforms, compared to the wider population. Secondly, while the diagnosis of insomnia assumes the absence of other sleep disorders, we did not rule out other sleep disorders via polysomnography measurements due to costs [13]. However, digital CBT for insomnia may work for insomnia symptoms even when they co-present with other sleep disorders [49]. Thirdly, the follow-up rate may have been influenced by the amount of attention participants received, as the control group received little attention (sleep education emails) compared to the interactiveness of Sleepio and its online community. Fourthly, it is unknown what proportion of the control participants read the educational emails as this was not monitored. This may have explained the lower credibility scores for the control intervention. Finally, the digital CBT-i (Sleepio) intervention consisted of multiple components, and therefore, it not possible to determine which component (e.g., sleep information, sleep restriction, sleep hygiene, mindfulness) was most acceptable and credible to participants. In light of the feedback from participants and study limitations, further research should explore whether there is a benefit in tailoring digital CBT-i to pain conditions and whether certain individual components of digital CBT-I are more beneficial or even detrimental compared to others.
Conclusion
The present study provides evidence that digital CBT-i sleep intervention for people with comorbid symptoms of insomnia and LBP is accessible, and overall participants had a good impression of the intervention. Despite the successful online data collection, the study in its current form has limited feasibility unless strategies to improve adherence, follow-up, control group credibility, and twin recruitment rates are implemented.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due data linkages to Twins Research Australia but are available from the corresponding author and Twins Research Australia on reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- CBT-I:
-
Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia
- CI:
-
Confidence intervals
- LBP:
-
Low back pain
- PSQI:
-
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
- REDCap:
-
Research Electronic Data Capture
- SCI:
-
Sleep Condition Indicator
- TRA:
-
Twins Research Australia
References
GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018;392(10159):1789ā858.
Sebbag E, Felten R, Sagez F, Sibilia J, Devilliers H, Arnaud L. The world-wide burden of musculoskeletal diseases: a systematic analysis of the World Health Organization Burden of Diseases Database. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019;78(6):844ā8.
O'Sullivan PB, Caneiro JP, O'Keeffe M, Smith A, Dankaerts W, Fersum K, et al. Cognitive functional therapy: an integrated behavioral approach for the targeted management of disabling low back pain. Phys Ther. 2018;98(5):408ā23.
Ho Kevin Kwan N, Simic M, Cvancarova SmĆ„stuen M, de Barros Pinheiro M, Ferreira Paulo H, Bakke Johnsen M, et al. The association between insomnia, c-reactive protein, and chronic low back pain: cross-sectional analysis of the HUNT study, Norway. Scand J Pain. 2019;19(4):765ā77. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31287802/.
Tang NK, Wright KJ, Salkovskis PM. Prevalence and correlates of clinical insomnia co-occurring with chronic back pain. J Sleep Res. 2007;16(1):85ā95.
Liu M, McCurry SM, Belza B, Dobra A, Buchanan DT, Vitiello MV, et al. Effects of osteoarthritis pain and concurrent insomnia and depression on health care use in a primary care population of older adults. Arthritis Care Res. 2019;71(6):748ā57.
Alsaadi SM, McAuley JH, Hush JM, Lo S, Bartlett DJ, Grunstein RR, et al. The bidirectional relationship between pain intensity and sleep disturbance/quality in patients with low back pain. Clin J Pain. 2014;30(9):755ā65.
Koffel E, Kroenke K, Bair MJ, Leverty D, Polusny MA, Krebs EE. The bidirectional relationship between sleep complaints and pain: analysis of data from a randomized trial. Health Psychol. 2016;35(1):41ā9.
Smith MT, Quartana PJ, Okonkwo RM, Nasir A. Mechanisms by which sleep disturbance contributes to osteoarthritis pain: a conceptual model. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2009;13(6):447ā54.
Qaseem A, Kansagara D, Forciea MA, Cooke M, Denberg TD. Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of P. Management of chronic insomnia disorder in adults: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Int Med. 2016;165(2):125ā33.
Riemann D, Baglioni C, Bassetti C, Bjorvatn B, Dolenc Groselj L, Ellis JG, et al. European guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia. J Sleep Res. 2017;26(6):675ā700.
Sateia MJ, Buysse DJ, Krystal AD, Neubauer DN, Heald JL. Clinical practice guideline for the pharmacologic treatment of chronic insomnia in adults: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Sleep Med. 2017;13(2):307ā49.
Wilson SJ, Nutt DJ, Alford C, Argyropoulos SV, Baldwin DS, Bateson AN, et al. British Association for Psychopharmacology consensus statement on evidence-based treatment of insomnia, parasomnias and circadian rhythm disorders. J Psychopharmacol (Oxford, England). 2010;24(11):1577ā601.
Ree M, Junge M, Cunnington D. Australasian Sleep Association position statement regarding the use of psychological/behavioral treatments in the management of insomnia in adults. Sleep Med. 2017;36(Suppl 1):S43āS7.
Schutte-Rodin S, Broch L, Buysse D, Dorsey C, Sateia M. Clinical guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic insomnia in adults. J Clin Sleep Med. 2008;4(5):487ā504.
Ho KKN, Ferreira PH, Pinheiro MB, Aquino Silva D, Miller CB, Grunstein R, et al. Sleep interventions for osteoarthritis and spinal pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2019;27(2):196ā218.
Wu JQ, Appleman ER, Salazar RD, Ong JC. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia comorbid with psychiatric and medical conditions: a meta-analysis. JAMA Int Med. 2015;175(9):1461ā72.
Zachariae R, Lyby MS, Ritterband LM, O'Toole MS. Efficacy of internet-delivered cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia - a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sleep Med Rev. 2016;30:1ā10.
Perils ML, Smith MT. How can we make CBT-I and other BSM services widely available? J Clin Sleep Med. 2008;4(1):11ā3.
Australian Digital Health Agency. Australiaās national digital health strategy. Australian Digital Health Agency. 2017. Available from: https://apo.org.au/node/182181.
Espie CA, Kyle SD, Williams C, Ong JC, Douglas NJ, Hames P, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of online cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia disorder delivered via an automated media-rich web application. Sleep. 2012;35(6):769ā81.
Espie CA, Emsley R, Kyle SD, Gordon C, Drake CL, Siriwardena AN, et al. Effect of digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia on health, psychological well-being, and sleep-related quality of life: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019;76(1):21ā30.
Hunter D, Major P, Arden N, Swaminathan R, Andrew T, MacGregor AJ, et al. A randomized controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation on preventing postmenopausal bone loss and modifying bone metabolism using identical twin pairs. J Bone Min Res. 2000;15(11):2276ā83.
Nowson CA, Green RM, Hopper JL, Sherwin AJ, Young D, Kaymakci B, et al. A co-twin study of the effect of calcium supplementation on bone density during adolescence. Osteoporosis Int. 1997;7(3):219ā25.
Ronkainen PH, Kovanen V, Alen M, Pollanen E, Palonen EM, Ankarberg-Lindgren C, et al. Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy modifies skeletal muscle composition and function: a study with monozygotic twin pairs. J Appl Physiol (Bethesda, Md : 1985). 2009;107(1):25ā33.
Ferreira P, Craig J, Hopper JL. Research Note: twin studies and their value for physiotherapy research. J Physiother. 2019;65(1):58ā60.
Ferreira PH, Beckenkamp P, Maher CG, Hopper JL, Ferreira ML. Nature or nurture in low back pain? Results of a systematic review of studies based on twin samples. Eur J Pain (London, England). 2013;17(7):957ā71.
Lind MJ, Aggen SH, Kirkpatrick RM, Kendler KS, Amstadter AB. A longitudinal twin study of insomnia symptoms in adults. Sleep. 2015;38(9):1423ā30.
Zadro JR, Shirley D, Duncan GE, Ferreira PH. Familial factors predicting recovery and maintenance of physical activity in people with low back pain: insights from a population-based twin study. Eur J Pain (London, England). 2019;23(2):367ā77.
Sumathipala A, Yelland L, Green D, Shepherd T, Jayaweera K, Ferreira P, et al. Twins as participants in randomized controlled trials: a review of published literature. Twin Res Human Genet. 2018;21(1):51ā6.
Martin NG, Carr AB, Oakeshott JG, Clark P. Co-twin control studies: vitamin C and the common cold. Progress Clin Biol Res. 1982;103 Pt A:365ā73.
Pinheiro MB, Ho KK, Ferreira ML, Refshauge KM, Grunstein R, Hopper JL, et al. Efficacy of a sleep quality intervention in people with low back pain: protocol for a feasibility randomized co-twin controlled trial. Twin Res Human Genet. 2016;19(5):492ā501.
Chan AW, Tetzlaff JM, Altman DG, Laupacis A, Gotzsche PC, Krleza-Jeric K, et al. SPIRIT 2013 statement: defining standard protocol items for clinical trials. Ann Int Med. 2013;158(3):200ā7.
Altman DG, Schulz KF, Moher D, Egger M, Davidoff F, Elbourne D, et al. The revised CONSORT statement for reporting randomized trials: explanation and elaboration. Ann Int Med. 2001;134(8):663ā94.
Hoffmann TC, Glasziou PP, Boutron I, Milne R, Perera R, Moher D, et al. Better reporting of interventions: template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide. BMJ. 2014;348:g1687.
Pinheiro MB, Ferreira ML, Refshauge K, Hopper J, Maher CG, Hartvigsen J, et al. Protective and harmful effects of physical activity for low back pain: a protocol for the AUstralian Twin BACK Pain (AUTBACK) feasibility study. Twin Res Human Genet. 2016;19(5):502ā9.
Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)--a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. 2009;42(2):377ā81.
Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF 3rd, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 1989;28(2):193ā213.
Espie CA, Kyle SD, Hames P, Gardani M, Fleming L, Cape J. The Sleep Condition Indicator: a clinical screening tool to evaluate insomnia disorder. BMJ Open. 2014;4(3):e004183.
Cowie J, Bower JL, Gonzalez R, Alfano CA. Multimedia field test: digitalizing better sleep using the Sleepio program. Cognitive Behav Pract. 2018;25(3):442ā8.
Morin CM, Drake CL, Harvey AG, Krystal AD, Manber R, Riemann D, et al. Insomnia Disord. 2015;1:15026.
Chung KF, Lee CT, Yeung WF, Chan MS, Chung EW, Lin WL. Sleep hygiene education as a treatment of insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Family Pract. 2018;35(4):365ā75.
Maher CG, Sherrington C, Herbert RD, Moseley AM, Elkins M. Reliability of the PEDro scale for rating quality of randomized controlled trials. Phys Ther. 2003;83(8):713ā21.
Borkovec TD, Nau SD. Credibility of analogue therapy rationales. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 1972;3(4):257ā60.
Lee PH, Macfarlane DJ, Lam TH, Stewart SM. Validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF): a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2011;8:115.
Law EF, Wan Tham S, Aaron RV, Dudeney J, Palermo TM. hybrid cognitive-behavioral therapy intervention for adolescents with co-occurring migraine and insomnia: a single-arm pilot trial. Headache. 2018;58(7):1060ā73.
Koffel E, Vitiello MV, McCurry SM, Rybarczyk B, Von Korff M. Predictors of adherence to psychological treatment for insomnia and pain: analysis from a randomized trial. Clin J Pain. 2018;34(4):375ā82.
Munoz RF, Leykin Y, Barrera AZ, Brown CH, Bunge EL. The impact of phone calls on follow-up rates in an online depression prevention study. Int Intervent. 2017;8:10ā4.
Sweetman A, Lack L, Catcheside PG, Antic NA, Smith S, Chai-Coetzer CL, et al. Cognitive and behavioral therapy for insomnia increases the use of continuous positive airway pressure therapy in obstructive sleep apnea participants with comorbid insomnia: a randomized clinical trial. Sleep. 2019;42(12):zsz178. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31403168/.
Acknowledgements
We thanks the Twins Research Australia, Seniors Card NSW, Australian Pain Management Association, Painaustralia, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, and the Sleep Health Foundation for their assistance in the recruitment process as well as Dr. Matthew Fernandez and Mr. Phillip Davis for their assistance with randomization and BigHealth for providing the CBT-i (Sleepio) intervention and technical support.
Funding
This research was partially funded by an Australian National Health Medical Research Council (NHMRC) University of Sydney bridging grant. PF, MLF, MP, JH are funded by NHMRC Fellowships. MLF and MS hold a University of Sydney SOAR fellowship. RRG is funded by a NHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellowship 1106974.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
KH collected and analyzed the feasibility data. KH, MS, MP, CBM, and PF were major contributors in the writing of the manuscript. JH and PF were major contributions in the recruitment of twins. All authors read, reviewed, and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The present study has been approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Sydney (2015/386) and registered (ACTRN12615000672550). All participants have signed consent to participate.
Consent for publication
All participants have signed consented for their deidentified data to be published.
Competing interests
Sleepio Limited (Big Health) provided the digital CBT-i intervention at no cost, did not provide any other funding, and did not have any role in the planning, conducting, and reporting of the results. CBM is employed by Big Health Inc. and is salaried by the company.
Additional information
Publisherās Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Additional file 1.
Summary of treatment characteristics.
Additional file 2.
Ā CONSORT Checklist.
Additional file 3.
TIDieR Checklist.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
About this article
Cite this article
Ho, K.K.N., Simic, M., Pinheiro, M.B. et al. Efficacy of a digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in people with low back pain: a feasibility randomized co-twin and singleton-controlled trial. Pilot Feasibility Stud 8, 125 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-022-01087-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-022-01087-z