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Table 2 Characteristics of participants in the included sample

From: Efficacy of a digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in people with low back pain: a feasibility randomized co-twin and singleton-controlled trial

Characteristic

Total (digital CBT-i) n = 49

Total (control) n = 49

Twins (digital CBT-i) n = 16

Twins (control) n = 16

Singletons (digital CBT-i) n = 33

Singletons (control) n = 33

Age

 Mean (SD)

52.7 (12.5)

53.1 (11.5)

48.9 (10.4)

48.9 (10.4)

54.6 (13.2)

55.2 (11.6)

 Range

18–65

22–65

29–64

29–64

18–65

22–65

 Sex (female) (%)

33 (67%)

33 (67%)

13 (81%)

13 (81%)

20 (61%)

20 (61%)

Low back pain measures, mean (SD)

 Pain self-efficacy (PSEQ)a

45.2 (10.5)

38.8 (11.0)

48.5 (7.6)

43.8 (9.4)

43.5 (11.5)

36.3 (11.0)

 Disability (RMDQ)b

6.6 (4.2)

8.3 (4.9)

5.1 (2.4)

4.6 (3.2)

7.3 (4.8)

10.1 (4.6)

 Pain (NPS)c

47.6 (20.6)

51.1 (18.8)

45.3 (20.8)

48.5 (19.3)

48.8 (20.7)

52.3 (18.7)

 Function (PSFS)d

4.7 (1.9)

4.9 (1.7)

5.5 (2.1)

5.4 (1.8)

4.2 (1.6)

4.6 (1.7)

Sleep measures

 Insomnia severity (ISI)e

13.1 (5.1)

12.6 (4.5)

11.4 (4.4)

11.3 (3.4)

13.9 (5.3)

13.3 (4.8)

 Sleep condition (SCI)f

12.5 (4.1)

12.5 (4.9)

13.5 (3.8)

14.0 (2.7)

12.3 (4.2)

12.1 (5.3)

 Sleep quality (PSQI)g

9.6 (3.3)

9.6 (3.2)

9.1 (3.2)

9.6 (3.1)

9.8 (3.4)

9.6 (3.2)

Depression Anxiety Stress Scale

 Depression

2.5 (3.4)

3.6 (3.6)

1.4 (2.4)

2.4 (2.8)

3.0 (3.7)

4.2 (3.8)

 Anxiety

2.2 (2.3)

2.6 (2.4)

2.6 (2.9)

2.5 (1.9)

2.0 (2.0)

2.6 (2.6)

 Stress

4.9 (3.4)

5.8 (3.6)

3.9 (4.0)

4.7 (3.2)

5.3 (3.0)

6.4 (3.7)

Physical Activity (IPAQ)

 Vigorous activity (min/week)

157.1 (328.5)

108.4 (191.8)

151.8 (282.2)

82.5 (110.9)

159.7 (353.6)

121.8 (223.0)

 Moderate activity (min/week)

262.2 (387.4)

123.2 (235.9)

227.8 (230.5)

70.0 (78.4)

279.4 (448.2)

150.6 (282.8)

 Walking (min/week)

479.8 (817.0)

317.6 (368.2)

306.6 (283.9)

362.8 (440.3)

566.4 (974.5)

292.2 (330.6)

 Sitting (min/week)

395.6 (213.1)

417.8 (187.2)

433.1 (186.2)

470.6 (167.8)

376.9 (228.7)

390.6 (193.4)

  1. PSEQ Pain Self Efficacy Questionnaire, RMDQ Roland Morris disability questionnaire, NPS numerical pain scale; PSFS patient-specific function scale; IS Insomnia Severity Index, SCI Sleep Condition Indicator; PSQI Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, CBT-i cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia
  2. Values in parentheses are standard deviations
  3. aRanges from 0 to 60; higher scores indicate better self-efficacy
  4. bRanges from 0 to 24; lower scores indicate lower disability
  5. cRanges from 0 to 100; lower scores indicate lower levels of pain
  6. dRanges from 0 to 10; higher scores indicate better function
  7. eRanges from 0 to 28; lower scores indicate less severity of insomnia
  8. fRanges from 0 to 32; higher scores indicate better sleep
  9. gRanges from 0 to 21; lower scores indicate better sleep quality
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Pilot and Feasibility Studies

ISSN: 2055-5784