Fig. 5

Cognitive assessments using the process time paradigms. A N-back test: The N-back test is one of the most established assessments of working memory capacity. Participants are asked to respond when the target signal is the same as the last n (1–3) digit number. B Trail Making Test (TMT): The TMT consists of TMT-A (numeric numbers alone) and TMT-B (a mixture of numeric numbers and Japanese kana letters). In the TMT-A, participants are instructed to tap the numerical digits in ascending order. In the TMT-B, participants also tap the targets in ascending order, but they should tap the numerical digits and kana letters alternately. C Digit span (DS) test: This test uses a numeric keypad and numeric number indicator. Participants are asked to remember the target sequence of numerical digits individually shown in the indicator. After the presentation, they are asked to recall the sequence in the same or reversed orientation, using the keypad. After inputting the digit sequences, they tap the Enter (Etr) key. In addition, they can fix the input using the All Clear (AC) and Delete (Del) keys