App-based intervention among adolescents with persistent pain: a pilot feasibility randomized controlled trial

Table 3 Unadjusted descriptive statistics on self-efficacy, pain self-efficacy, social support, and HADS scores for both groups

Secondary outcomes	Control group Mean [SD]	Intervention group Mean [SD]	Effect size (Cohen’s d)
Self-efficacy
Pre-intervention T0	13.9 [3.03]	13.0 [3.42]	.22
Post-intervention T1^a	14.2 [3.02]	14.9 [3.59]	.22
HADS-T
T0	15.2 [6.14]	16.7 [6.58]	.53
T1^a	15.0 [5.93]	11.7 [6.31]	.53
HADS-A
T0	6.3 [2.97]	6.7 [3.74]	.02
T1^a	5.4 [3.25]	5.5 [3.91]	.02
HADS-D
T0	8.9 [3.86]	10.1 [4.14]	.91
T1^a	9.6 [3.95]	6.2 [3.49]	.91
Perceived social support
T0	10.3 [2.80]	10.5 [3.24]	.09
T1^b	10.2 [3.38]	10.5 [4.35]	.09
Pain self-efficacy
T0	44.4 [11.56]	41.3 [11.37]	.32
T1^c	48.3 [8.50]	44.5 [14.12]	.32

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