Table 2 Baseline characteristics (n = 40)
Age, mean (range), y | 53.3 (22–79) |
Age group, n (%) | |
 18–35 years | 6 (15) |
 36–54 years | 16 (40) |
 55+ years | 18 (45) |
Sex, n (%) | |
 Male | 31 (78) |
 Female | 9 (23) |
Hispanic or Latino, n (%) | 2 (5) |
White race, n (%) | 36 (90) |
History of mental health diagnosis identified in EHR, n (%) | 29 (73) |
Patient Health Questionnaire-9, mean (SD), 0=none, 27=severe depression | 9.7 (5.6) |
 Moderate, n (%) | 11 (28%) |
 Moderately severe, n (%) | 6 (15%) |
 Severe, n (%) | 2 (5%) |
Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, mean (SD), 0=none, 10=severe anxiety disorder | 7.7 (5.6) |
 Moderate, n (%) | 10 (26%) |
 Severe, n (%) | 3 (8%) |
PTSD Checklist-civilian version, mean (SD), 17=not at all severe, 85=extremely severe PTSD symptoms | 40.3 (18.1) |
 Moderate to moderately high severity, n (%) | 9 (23%) |
 High severity, n (%) | 15 (38%) |
Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, mean (SD), 0–12, 0=no alcohol use | 2.2 (2.8) |
PROMIS® (T score) | |
 Depression*, mean (SD) | 55.5 (9.6) |
 Anxiety*, mean (SD) | 58.7 (10.0) |
 Alcohol use, mean (SD) | 46.6 (5.9) |
 Neuropathic pain, mean (SD) | 49.0 (7.7) |
Expectations of chiropractic care | |
 Amount of change in back pain, 0=no change, 10=complete relief | |
  Hoped for, mean (SD) | 8.0 (1.7) |
  Realistically expected, mean (SD) | 5.7 (2.0) |
 Amount of change in the impact of back pain on life, 0=no change/worse, 10=back pain no longer impacts my life | |
  Hoped for, mean (SD) | 8.1 (1.8) |
  Realistically expected, mean (SD) | 5.6 (1.9) |