Fig. 1

Study flow diagram. Thirty-three women living with HIV on ART and 22 women living without HIV were recruited within 4 days of delivery from June to December 2016. One infant whose mother was living with HIV tested positive for HIV at birth and again at 12 weeks and was excluded from the study analyses, making the final groups at delivery: HIV-uninfected, n = 22; HIV-infected, n = 32. 31.25% of women living with HIV and 54.5% of those living without HIV did not attend a follow-up appointment. Twenty-one women living with HIV and 10 without were followed up at one time point 12 weeks (range 8–16 weeks) postpartum. The high mobility of this population presented major challenges to participant retention