Table 2 Results of pre-post changes in physical outcomes for the 11 participants
Outcomes | Baseline (mean ± SD) | Post training (mean ± SD) | Mean of difference (Post vs baseline) | Cohen’s d effect size | Participants achieved better outcomes n (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | 95% CI | % | |||||
Time Up and Go (s) | 16.1 ± 5.2 | 13.8 ± 4.4 | − 2.3 ± 2.9 | [− 4.4, − 0.2] | 14.3 | − 0.47 | 7 (64) |
Grip strength (kg) | 16.8 ± 5.5 | 18.4 ± 5.8 | 1.6 ± 2.0 | [0.2, 2.9] | 9.5 | 0.28 | 8 (73) |
Knee extension strength (kg) | 14.5 ± 4.1 | 17.5 ± 4.3 | 2.9 ± 5.3 | [− 0.6, 6.5] | 20.2 | 0.69 | 6 (55) |
PPA composite fall risk score | 2.2 ± 1.4 | 1.5 ± 0.9 | − 0.7 ± 1.4 | [− 1.6, 0.3] | 30.5 | − .59 | 6 (55) |
6-m fast gait speed (s) | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 0.0 ± 0.2 | [− 0.2, 0.1] | 1.0 | − 0.06 | 3 (27) |
30-s Sit-to-Stand test | 12.3 ± 3.0 | 11.5 ± 3.7 | − 0.7 ± 2.6 | [− 2.5, 1.0] | 5.9 | − 0.22 | 5 (45) |
Frailty score (Fried criteria) | 1.5 ± 0.8 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | − 0.4 ± 0.7 | [− 0.8, 0.1] | 24.0 | − 0.56 | 3 (27) |
Fall Efficacy Scale | 28.8 ± 9.4 | 23.3 ± 6.2 | − 5.4 ± 7.9 | [− 10.8, − 0.2] | 18.8 | − 0.68 | 7 (64) |
MQ score | 15.0 ± 8.1 | 8.6 ± 5.6 | − 6.6 ± 5.1 | [− 9.8, − 2.9] | 44.2 | − 0.91 | 10 (91) |
MoCA | 22.5 ± 4.1 | 24.3 ± 4.8 | 1.8 ± 2.4 | [0.2, 3.4] | 8.1 | 0.41 | 9 (82) |
GDS score | 3.7 ± 3.5 | 2.2 ± 1.6 | − 1.6 ± 2.4 | [− 3.1, 0.1] | 41.5 | − 0.57 | 8 (73) |
EQ-5D-5L Index score | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | [0.0, 0.3] | 21.9 | 0.66 | 5 (45) |