Table 1 Demographic/background characteristics (baseline assessment)
| Â | Control group | Intervention group | Both groups combined | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample size | 48 | 55 | 103 | |
Age (mean, s.d., range) | 24.8 (5.6) [15–37] | 25.0 (5.7) [15–38] | 24.9 (5.7) [15–38] | |
Marital status | ||||
 Single (n, %) | 10 (20.8) | 12 (21.8) | 22 (21.4) | |
 Married (n, %) | 37 (77.1) | 43 (78.2) | 80 (77.7) | |
 Widowed (n, %) | 1 (2.1) | 0 | 1 (1.0) | |
Highest level of education attained | ||||
 No formal education (n, %) | 2 (4.2) | 1 (1.8) | 3 (2.9) | |
 Did not complete primary ed. (n, %) | 22 (45.8) | 31 (56.4) | 53 (51.5) | |
 Completed primary (PLE) (n, %) | 16 (33.3) | 15 (27.3) | 31 (30.1) | |
 Completed ordinary (UCE) (n, %) | 4 (8.3) | 5 (9.1) | 9 (8.7) | |
 Completed advanced (n, %) | 3 (6.3) | 2 (3.6) | 5 (4.9) | |
 Completed tertiary (n, %) | 1 (2.1) | 1 (1.8) | 2 (1.9) | |
Primary occupation | ||||
 Unemployed (n, %) | 6 (12.5) | 3 (5.5) | 9 (8.7) | |
 Housewife (n, %) | 23 (47.9) | 25 (45.5) | 48 (46.6) | |
 Student (n, %) | 0 | 3 (5.5) | 3 (2.9) | |
 Peasant farmer (n, %) | 18 (37.5) | 20 (36.4) | 38 (36.9) | |
 Businesswoman (n, %) | 0 | 2 (3.6) | 2 (1.9) | |
 Professional (n, %) | 1 (2.1) | 0 | 1 (1.0) | |
 Other (n, %) | 0 | 2 (3.6) (hotel management, teacher) | 2 (1.9) | |
House roof type | ||||
 Iron sheet (n, %) | 39 (81.3) | 52 (94.5) | 91 (88.3) | |
 Grass thatched (n, %) | 9 (18.8) | 3 (5.5) | 12 (11.7) | |
House floor type (more than one response possible) | ||||
 Mud (n, %) | 42 (87.5) | 49 (89.1) | 91 (88.3) | |
 Brick (n, %) | 10 (20.8) | 11 (20.0) | 21 (20.4) | |
 Cement/stone/tile (n, %) | 5 (10.4) | 6 (10.9) | 11 (10.7) | |
 Other (n, %) | 1 (2.1) (bricks and mud) | 0 | 1 (1.0) | |
The main water source for home | ||||
 Open water well (n, %) | 12 (25.0) | 1 (1.8) | 13 (12.6) | |
 Piped and tapped to home (n, %) | 1 (2.1) | 4 (7.3) | 5 (4.9) | |
 Shared tap/borehole (n, %) | 35 (72.9) | 50 (90.9) | 85 (82.5) | |
Type of latrine used in home | ||||
 No latrine (use bushes) (n, %) | 3 (6.3) | 8 (14.5) | 11 (10.7) | |
 Non-ventilated pit (n, %) | 44 (91.7) | 44 (80.0) | 88 (85.4) | |
 Ventilated improved pit (VIP) (n, %) | 1 (2.1) | 3 (5.5) | 4 (3.9) | |
If latrine, type of handwashing facility | ||||
 No facility (n, %) | 32 (71.1) | 38 (80.9) | 70 (76.1) | |
 Near latrine (n, %) | 13 (28.9) | 4 (8.5) | 17 (18.5) | |
 Away from latrine (n, %) | 0 | 5 (10.6) | 5 (5.4) | |
Animals/poultry reared/kept (n, %) | 45 (93.8) | 51 (92.7) | 96 (93.2) | |
 Cows and goats (n, %) | 35 (77.8) | 37 (72.5) | 72 (75.0) | |
 Poultry (n, %) | 41 (91.1) | 49 (96.1) | 90 (93.8) | |
 Other (n, %) | 12 (26.7) | 11 (21.6) | 23 (24.0) | |
  Pigs (n, %) | 11 (24.4) | 11 (21.6) | 22 (22.9) | |
  Ducks (n, %) | 0 | 1 (2.0) | 1 (1.0) | |
  Rabbits (n, %) | 1 (2.2) | 0 | 1 (1.0) | |
Times (out of 10) hands washed when | ||||
 Urinating (median[range]) | 5 [0–10] | 4 [0–10] | 5 [0–10] | |
  0 (n, %) | 8 (16.7) | 9 (16.4) | 17 (16.5) | |
  1–4 (n, %) | 13 (27.1) | 19 (34.5) | 32 (31.1) | |
  5–9 (n, %) | 11 (22.9) | 12 (21.8) | 23 (22.3) | |
  10 (n, %) | 16 (33.3) | 15 (27.3) | 31 (30.1) | |
 Defecating (median [range]) | 10 [1–10] | 10 [4–10] | 10 [1–10] | |
  0 (n, %) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
  1–4 (n, %) | 9 (18.8) | 1 (1.8) | 10 (9.7) | |
  5–9 (n, %) | 12 (25.0) | 9 (16.4) | 21 (20.4) | |
  10 (n, %) | 27 (56.3) | 45 (81.8) | 72 (69.9) | |
Last 10 handwashes, used | ||||
 Water alone (n, %) | 6 (12.5) | 7 (12.7) | 13 (12.6) | |
 Water and bar soap (n, %) | 42 (87.5) | 48 (87.3) | 90 (87.4) | |
Pregnancy planned (n, %) | 23 (47.9) | 30 (54.5) | 53 (51.5) | |
Existing medical conditions | ||||
 Asthma (n, %) | 2 (4.2) | 0 | 2 (1.9) | |
 Cardiac disease (n, %) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
 Coagulation disorder (n, %) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
 Congenital abnormalities (n, %) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
 Diabetes (type 2) (n, %) | 1 (2.1) | 0 | 1 (1.0) | |
 High blood pressure (n, %) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
 Malaria (n, %) | 6 (12.5) | 14 (25.5) | 20 (19.4) | |
 Tuberculosis (n, %) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
 HIV | ||||
  0 (n, %) | 32 (66.7) | 39 (70.9) | 71 (68.9) | |
  1 (n, %) | 7 (14.6) | 8 (14.5) | 15 (14.6) | |
  2 (n, %) | 9 (18.8) | 8 (14.5) | 17 (16.5) | |
 STD (n, %) | 1 (2.1) | 0 | 1 (1.0) | |
 Other (n, %) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |