Table 1 Critical incidents on acute pain services
Author Year | Schug [5] 1993 | Sidebotham [6] 1997 | Walder [7] 2001 | Shapiro [2] 2005 | Popping [3] 2008 | Paul [8] 2013 | ||||||
Methodology N (study) | Prospective cohort 3016 | Prospective cohort 6035 | Systematic review 1139 | Prospective cohort 4500 | Prospective cohort 18,925 | Prospective cohort 27,550 | ||||||
Analgesia modality N (cohort) | PCA 1111 | PCA 5759 | PCA 5759 | Epidural | PCA 4114 | Epidural | PCA 700 | Epidural 680 | PCA 1591 | Epidural 14,223 | PCA 18,406 | Epidural 9144 |
Respiratory depression | 3 (0.3%) | 0 (0%) | 14 (0.2%) | – | 19 (4.6%) | – | 13 (1.9%) | 4 (0.6%) | 63 (1.1%) | 100 (0.7%) | 135 (1.1%) | 48 (0.7%) |
Definition | Naloxone required | RR < 8 or SpO2% < 90 | RR < 10 or SpO2% < 90 | RR < 10 | RR < 8 or SpO2% < 90 | RR < 8 or SpO2% < 90 | ||||||
Unresponsive/severe sedation | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 6 (0.03%) | 3 (0.03%) |
Death | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3 (0.02%) | 1 (0.01%) |