Table 2 Changes in average values for each volunteer from the first and last exercise stress test sessions (weight, maximum heart rate, exercise duration, respiratory exchange ratio, laboratory values) or the first and last hot tub sessions to (cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, heart rate, systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressures) (n = 15)

Exercise stress testing data

 VO₂ max (ml/kg/minute)

27.7 (6.6)

(19.2, 40.4)

27.5 (6.9)

(18.2, 42.8)

 − 0.1 (1.8)

(− 3.1, 2.6)

0.842

 − 0.20 (− 1.3, 1.1)

 Weight (kg)

79 (23.5)

(48.1, 120)

80 (23.7)

(48.1, 120.7)

0.7 (1.6)

(− 1.1, 5.4)

0.09

0.40 (− 0.4, 0.4)

 Maximum heart rate (beats per minute)

165 (12)

(146, 188)

163 (14)

(138, 192)

 − 2 (6)

(− 15, 5)

0.325

0.00 (− 1, 1)

 Exercise duration (seconds)

551.7 (122)

(278, 707)

571.4 (112.2)

(355, 741)

19.7 (30.2)

(− 39, 77)

0.026

22.00 (2.5, 36)

 RER max

1.2 (0.1)

(1.1, 1.4)

1.2 (0.1)

(1.1, 1.3)

 − 0.02 (0.1)

(− 0.1, 0.1)

0.147

 − 0.02 (− 0.035, 0.015)

Hot tub session data

 Cardiac output (L/minute/m²)

4 (1.5)

(2.4, 9)

3.7 (1.2)

(2.4, 7.9)

 − 0.3 (0.5)

(− 1.2, 0.4)

0.044

 − 0.36 (− 0.67, − 0.005)

 Systemic vascular resistance (dynes/seconds/cm⁻⁵)

967 (371)

(679, 1960)

975.9 (269)

(617, 1559)

9.0 (269)

(− 612, 378)

0.583

41.55 (− 136.9, 161.7)

 Heart rate (beats per minute)

89 (12)

(62, 106)

88 (10)

(66, 103)

 − 0.6 (6)

(− 10, 12)

0.561

 − 2.23 (− 4.3, 2.9)

 Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

106 (13)

(86, 131)

103 (12)

(85, 121)

 − 3 (11)

(− 22, 21)

0.182

 − 2.30 (− 8.17, 2.64)

 Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

65 (11)

(48, 99)

66 (10)

(50, 97)

0.9 (5)

(− 6, 9)

0.639

1.10 (− 2, 3.55)

 Mean arterial pressure (mmHg)

79 (8)

(63, 91)

79 (7)

(63, 90)

 − 0.6 (8)

(− 12, 15)

0.561

 − 1.60 (− 4.95, 3.54)

Laboratory values

 Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

192 (29)

(148, 253)

192 (27)

(139, 229)

 − 0.1 (15)

(− 28, 22)

1

4.00 (− 9, 9)

 HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

60 (11)

(41, 79)

61 (13)

(37, 84)

0.7 (5)

(− 7, 10)

0.588

1.00 (− 2, 3.5)

 LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

105 (24)

(72, 150)

105 (26)

(59, 147)

 − 0.5 (11)

(− 17, 16)

0.925

 − 3.00 (− 8.5, 6)

 Creatinine (mg/dL)

0.9 (0.2)

(0.7, 1.2)

0.9 (0.1)

(0.7, 1.1)

 − 0.01 (0.1)

(− 0.1, 0.1)

0.552

0.00 (− 0.07, 0.04)

 Albumin (g/dL)

4.3 (0.3)

(3.9, 4.7)

4.3 (0.3)

(3.8, 4.7)

0.02 (0.2)

(− 0.2, 0.4)

0.918

0.00 (− 0.15, 0.15)

 AST (units/L)

21.2 (7.5)

(11, 42)

19.2 (5.3)

(12, 29)

 − 2.5 (5.4)

(− 15, 2)

0.21

 − 0.50 (− 1.5, 1.5)

 ALT (units/L)

21.5 (10.2)

(10, 52)

19.53 (6.5)

(11, 37)

 − 2.1 (5.1)

(− 15, 3)

0.222

 − 1.00 (− 1.5, 1.5)

 WBC (10⁹/L)

5.7 (1.3)

(4.1, 9)

5.7 (1.0)

(4, 7.5)

0.02 (1.1)

(− 2.7, 1.5)

0.755

 − 0.30 (− 0.55, 0.6)

 Hemoglobin (g/dL)

13.7 (1.1)

(11.8, 16.6)

13.7 (1.5)

(9.7, 16)

0.03 (1.1)

(− 3.3, 1.2)

0.345

0.30 (− 0.4, 0.4)

 Platelet (10⁹/L)

2681 (77)

(183, 463)

278 (79)

(162, 428)

10 (27)

(− 35, 58)

0.191

8.00 (− 4.5, 29)