Table 5 Mean values in physiological and behavioural outcomes assessed at baseline and follow-up assessments for intervention and control groups and a comparison of the differences in the change between groups

Cardiorespiratory fitness

 Absolute VO_2max, L/min

9^a

1.82 (1.34, 2.30)

1.98 (1.35, 2.61)

0.16 (− 0.06, 0.41)

14

2.28 (2.03, 2.53)

2.34 (2.00, 2.67)

0.06 (− 0.11, 0.23)

 − 0.10 (− 0.39, 0.18)

 Relative VO_2max, L/kg/min

9^a

19.52 (15.30, 23.75)

21.61 (16.17, 27.04)

2.08 (− 0.86, 5.02)

14

23.07 (20.67, 25.46)

23.50 (21.43, 25.57)

0.43 (− 1.13, 2.00)

 − 1.65 (− 4.82, 1.51)

 Maximum power output, Watts

9^a

147.99 (110.14, 185.84)

163.91 (112.70, 215.13)

15.92 (− 5.15, 36.99)

14

188.68 (172.95, 204.41)

181.96 (164.91, 199.01)

 − 6.72 (− 13.34, − 0.11)

 − 22.65 (− 44.17, − 1.12)

Body composition

 Body fat, %

13

34.03 (28.28, 39.78)

33.79 (28.11, 39.48)

 − 0.24 (− 0.99, 0.52)

16^b

33.63 (29.82, 37.42)

33.24 (29.46, 37.02)

 − 0.38 (− 1.34, 0.57)

 − 0.14 (− 1.35, 1.07)

 Fat mass, kg

13

32.4 (24.91, 40.00)

31.28 (24.34, 38.22)

 − 1.18 (− 2.65, 0.30)

16^b

33.73 (24.91, 40.00)

32.96 (26.48, 39.44)

 − 0.77 (− 2.20, 0.65)

0.40 (− 1.57, 2.38)

 Trunk fat mass, kg

13

17.79 (13.52, 22.06)

17.13 (13.19, 21.07)

 − 0.66 (− 1.46, 0.14)

16^b

19.12 (15.15, 23.06)

18.64 (14.82, 22.47)

 − 0.47 (− 1.29, 0.36)

0.20 (− 0.92, 1.31)

 Leg fat mass, kg

13

5.03 (3.77, 6.28)

4.86 (3.63, 6.08)

 − 0.17 (− 0.41, 0.07)

16^b

5.10 (3.97, 6.24)

5.02 (3.94, 6.09)

 − 0.09 (− 0.31, − 0.14)

0.08 (− 0.23, 0.40)

 Lean mass, kg

13

58.78 (50.98, 66.59)

57.54 (49.98, 65.10)

 − 1.24 (− 2.18, − 0.31)

16^b

61.58 (54.53, 68.62)

61.52 (54.33, 68.71)

 − 0.05 (− 1.21, 1.10)

1.19 (− 0.28, 2.66)

 Leg lean mass, kg

13

10.27 (8.79, 11.75)

10.09 (8.65, 11.54)

 − 0.17 (− 0.30, − 0.04)

16^b

11.00 (9.49, 12.51)

10.97 (9.51, 12.46)

 − 0.01 (− 0.21, 0.19)

0.16 (− 0.08, 0.40)

 pQCT femur mCSA, cm²

12

104.63 (88.50, 120.75)

101.87 (85.94, 117.81)

 − 2.76 (− 6.79, 1.28)

14

121.20 (105.66, 136.73)

119.99 (104.85, 135.12)

 − 1.01 (− 3.64, 1.62)

1.75 (− 2.64, 6.13)

 pQCT femur density, mg/cm³

12

61.63 (57.54, 65.71)

61.56 (57.25, 65.87)

 − 0.07 (− 1.10, 0.97)

14

61.78 (58.06, 65.50)

62.44 (59.37, 65.52)

 − 0.03 (− 1.78, 1.72)

0.04 (− 2.09, 2.17)

 pQCT IMAT area, cm²

12

19.99 (15.35, 24.63)

19.25 (14.86, 23.65)

 − 0.74 (− 1.09, 0.43)

14

23.94 (16.98, 30.90)

22.46 (17.64, 27.28)

 − 0.75 (− 3.48, 1.98)

 − 0.01 (− 3.20, 3.18)

 pQCT SAT area, cm²

12

48.97 (30.24, 67.70)

46.18 (27.08, 65.28)

 − 2.79 (− 5.47, − 0.12)

14

41.62 (25.94, 57.31)

41.97 (25.50, 58.45)

0.01 (− 2.34, 2.36)

2.8 (− 0.60, 6.20)

Physical activity

 Daily MVPA, minutes

11

49.12 (25.12, 73.11)

51.65 (24.82, 78.48)

2.53 (− 12.10, 17.16)

15

46.72 (33.39, 60.05)

42.77 (26.93, 58.62)

 − 3.95 (− 15.85, 7.95)

 − 6.91 (− 15.17, 1.35)

 Weekly MVPA, minutes

11

343.83 (175.86, 511.79)

361.55 (173.72, 549.37)

17.72 (− 84.72, 120.15)

15

327.06 (233.75, 420.38)

299.42 (188.53, 410.31)

 − 27.64 (− 110.94, 55.66)

 − 45.36 (− 170.33, 79.61)