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Table 1 Description of deliberate practice intervention (Shift with Friends)

From: Testing the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effect of a novel deliberate practice intervention to reduce diagnostic error in trauma triage: a study protocol for a randomized pilot trial

Method of behavior change

Behavior change techniques

Deliberate practice intervention

Game components (training task)

Coaching components

Analogical encoding

Described in the organizational sciences literature as a means of recalibrating heuristics by helping novices/trainees to derive memorable, generalizable decision principles for themselves through structured case comparison.

Repetition and substitution

Practice of the behavior to increase habit and skill. Tasks progress in difficulty over time (grading of tasks).

Triage

Trainee asked to triage 10 cases over 90 s.

â–ª 5 of the cases conform to one decision principle (e.g., penetrating injury).

â–ª Each level demonstrates a different decision principle

â–ª Trainee can opt to triage another set of 10 cases after reviewing the case comparison step

Coach selects the levels seen by the trainee, curating the user experience based on their experience and knowledge.

Shaping knowledge

Advice provided on how to perform the behavior. Information provided about antecedents that reliably predict performance of the behavior

Case comparison

Trainee asked to compare 2 cases from set of 10 seen during the triage step and asked to identify relevant contextual cues by focusing on similarities and differences between the cases.

Coach guides the identification of relevant contextual cues by using standardized question prompts, and guiding attention to important information.

Feedback and monitoring

Monitor and provide information or evaluative feedback on performance of behavior or outcome.

Feedback

In-game character provides standardized feedback based on trainee performance during the case comparison step.

Coach provides personalized feedback based on player performance during triage step and during the case comparison step.

Goal setting

Set or agree on a goal defined in terms of the behavior to be achieved

Goals

N/A

Coach elicits goals for training session and links to information being covered.

Comparison of behavior

Provide an observable sample of the behavior.

Exemplar

N/A

Coach triages set of 10 cases to demonstrate how use of appropriate contextual cues can facilitate decision making.