Table 1 Secondary patient-centred outcome measures

 Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) [64. ]

A 9-item fatigue scale to assess the severity and impact of fatigue on daily functioning in the past 24 h. The BFI has demonstrated reliable change after CBT for sleep disturbance and fatigue after TBI [67. ]

 Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) [50. ]

A 9-item general fatigue scale to assess behavioural consequences and impact of fatigue on daily functioning with demonstrated sensitivity to fatigue after TBI [120. ]

 Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) [65. ]

A 7-item self-report questionnaire to assess the nature, severity, and impact of insomnia. The ISI has been used to evaluate CBT-I in adolescents with PPCSs, demonstrating clinically significant changes post treatment and at 4-week follow-up [109. ]

 SF-36 Health Survey (SF-36) [115. ]

Measures the impact of the injury on the individual’s lifestyle from the perspective of the injured person. Widely used in TBI literature [73. ], the SF-36 has been validated in TBI samples and has shown good internal consistency [22. , 33. ]

 Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) [57. ]

Measures symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress experienced by the individual over the past week. The DASS-21 demonstrates very good internal consistency in TBI samples with the use of the Lovibond [57. ] 3-factor model validated in TBI rehabilitation [81. ]

 Brief Illness Perceptions Questionnaire (IPQ-B) [13. ]

An eight-item measure of an individual’s cognitive perception of their illness, rated on an ordinal scale (0–10). Scores range from 0–80 with higher scores reflecting more negative perceptions of illness

 Vestibular/ocular motor screen (VOMS) [66. ]

A screening tool developed to detect the signs and symptoms of concussion, testing for five areas of vestibular and ocular motor impairment including smooth pursuits, saccadic or rapid eye movements, near point of convergence, vestibular ocular reflex, and visual motor sensitivity. The VOMS demonstrates excellent internal consistency and sensitivity in identifying individuals with mTBI [66. ], with positive VOMS performances associated with delayed recovery [2. ]

 Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) [34. ]

An objective measure of static postural stability. The BESS has demonstrated high reliability in samples of individuals with PPCSs [21. ]

 Buffalo Concussion Treadmill Test (BCTT) [54. ]

Safe and validated test to monitor symptoms and physiological responses to graded exercise demands after mTBI [56. ]

 Flexion/rotation test of the cervical spine [85. ]

Tests the integrity and range of the upper cervical spine. In this test, the cervical spine is fully flexed, to isolate movement to C1-C2, which has a unique ability to rotate in flexion. The procedure has high sensitivity and specificity to detect the presence or absence of cervical joint dysfunction in neck pain and headache patients [95. ]

 Smooth pursuit neck torsion test (SPNTT) [85. ]

A test for identifying cervical pathology through dizziness and altered ocular movements with the neck in a position of torsion vs a midline position. Sensitive in whiplash injuries

 Test of premorbid functioning (TOPF; [117. ])

Measures premorbid intellectual ability

 Oral Symbol Digit Modalities Test (Oral SDMT; [100. ])

Assesses information processing speed. The oral version was chosen over the pencil-and-paper version to suit telehealth administration if required during the COVID-19 pandemic

 WAIS-IV Digit Span Forward [116. ]

Assesses basic verbal attentional capacity

 WAIS-IV Digit Span Backward [116. ]

Assesses working memory

 Oral Trail Making Test Ricker and Axelrod [86. ]

Assesses information processing speed and divided attention. The oral version was chosen over the pencil-and-paper version to suit telehealth administration if required during the COVID-19 pandemic

 Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT; [93. ])

A measure of verbal learning and memory