Table 5 Secondary outcome measures for collection 1-week pre- and 1-week post-intervention

Oral Health Assessment Tool (OHAT)

[33]

Oral health

Reliable and valid screening tool for use in aged care and with cognitive impairment; Approximately 7–8 min to administer; 8 items, Rating scale – 0 = healthy, 1 = changes, 2 = unhealthy; Total score out of 16. The higher the score the worse the oral health; Items that score 1 indicate intervention is required, and items scoring 2 indicate referral to a dental professional is required

Timed Water Swallow Test (TWST)

[34]

Aspiration risk

Swallow speed is a sensitive indicator for identifying patients at risk of swallow dysfunction; Choking in 100ml WST may be a potential indicator for follow up aspiration; Measures swallow time, number of swallows and observes for signs of choking; Abnormal swallow is defined as a speed below 10ml/s (amount of water divided by elapsed time); Count the number of swallows taken to consume 100mls water; Time taken to consume 100mls water

Test of Mastication and Swallowing Solids (TOMASS)

[35]

Mastication ability

Quantitative assessment of solid bolus ingestion; Sensitive in detecting changes in performance ability of mastication; High interrater and test-retest reliability; Count number of bites, number of masticatory cycles per bite, number of swallows per bite; More likely to identify patients with subtle oral phase impairment or bolus transition issues; Normative ranges in older adults: number of bites (male 1.47/female 1.87), time in seconds (male 32.61/female 41.85), total number of swallows (male 3.61/female 3.5), masticatory cycle (male 37.6/female 41.65)

Mann Assessment of Swallowing Ability (MASA)

[36]

Identify swallowing disorders

Screening bedside tool to identify eating and swallow disorders in stroke and other diseases; Used to quantify aspiration risk; 24 clinical items; 4 components of the assessment include, general patient examination, oral preparation, oral phase, and the pharyngeal phase; 5–10 point rating scale; score out of /200, >178 = normal, 168–177 = mild, 139–167 = moderate, <138 = severe; risk of aspiration is defined on a sum of the 4 scores/categories, >170 = normal, 149–169 = mild, 141–148 = moderate, <140 = severe

Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS)

[37]

Functionality

7-point ordinal scale; Functional level of oral intake of food and liquid; Interrater reliability high and sensitive to changes; Levels 1–3 relate to non-oral feeding; Levels 4–7 relate to varying degrees of oral feeding; All levels focus on what is/not consumed orally

Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10)

[38]

Self-perceived symptoms

Screen self-perceived oropharyngeal dysphagia symptoms: Scores range from 0 to 40; Scores >3 is indicative of dysphagia; 10 questions rated on a 5-point scale, 0 = no problem, 4 = severe problem; Scores >15 indicative of aspiration risk; An elevated EAT-10 score indicates a higher self-perception of dysphagia