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Table 4 Initial and post-feedback ayahs, constructs, messages, and coded BCTs

From: Muslim Communities Learning About Second-hand Smoke in Bangladesh (MCLASS II): a combined evidence and theory-based plus partnership intervention development approach

Week

Constructs

Pre-feedback

BCT

Post feedback

Ayah

Message

Ayah

Message

1st

Attitude

Sura Al Baqara–219 (2:219)

They ask you about drinking and gambling. Say, “There is great harm in both, though there is some benefit also for the people. But the harm of the sin thereof is far greater than their benefit”.

Though sometimes people think that smoking helps in some ways, the evidence that smoking and second-hand smoke cause harm in many ways is clear.

Would Allah permit you something harmful? No! Tobacco is harmful, and hence it is not permissible to Allah. The sin of smoking causes you spiritual as well as physical harm.

5.1 Information about health consequences

5.2 Salience of consequences

5.6 Information about emotional consequences

5.3 Information about social and environmental consequences

Surah Al-Maaida-Ayah 4 (5:4)

They ask you, [O Muhammad], what has been made lawful for them. Say, “Lawful for you are [all] good foods.”

[Unchanged]

2nd

Attitude

Sura An-Nisaa–59 (4:59)

Believers! Obey Allah and obey the Messenger, and those from among you who are invested with authority

Allah has in His grace given us experts who he has been given authority to tell us the facts about what heals us and what harms us.

The evidence from scientists tells us that second-hand smoke contains more than 7000 chemicals. Hundreds are toxic and about 70 can cause cancer. Second-hand smoke also causes numerous health problems in infants and children.

Will you not listen to the facts? Will you not hear what your Imam says to you?

9.1. Credible source

5.1 Information about health consequences

5.2 Salience of consequences

5.6 Information about emotional consequences

5.3 Information about social and environmental consequences

[Unchanged]

[Unchanged]

3rd

Social norms

Sura Al-Ahzaab–58 (33:58)

And those who harm believing men and believing women for [something] other than what they have earned have certainly born upon themselves a slander and manifest sin.

The evidence that second-hand smoke harms other is clear. It can result heart attacks, stroke, and lung cancer among innocent adults who are exposed to it. And children exposed to second-hand smoke are more prone to have chest infection, sneezing and coughing. Moreover, they have a 50% higher chance of having ear infection. Now do you really want to do that to your family members and your children?

Similarly, Allah has said—causing harm to others is a manifest sin.

6.ϯ. Information about others

Approval

5.1 Information about health consequences

5.2 Salience of consequences

5.6 Information about emotional consequences 5.3 Information about social and environmental consequences

[Unchanged]

The evidence that second-hand smoke harms other is clear. It can result heart attacks, stroke, and lung cancer among innocent adults who are exposed to it. And children exposed to second-hand smoke are more prone to have chest infection, sneezing, and coughing. Moreover, they have a 50% higher chance of having ear infection. Now do you really want to do that to your family members and your children?

4th

Intention formation (and prompt action planning)

Sura At-Takaathur—8 (102:8)

Then, on that Day, you will be called to account for all the bounties you enjoyed.

These messages to you are part of Allah’s bounty to you. But you need to make a commitment to enjoy his bounty. This means committing to either quitting or smoking outside. If you are going to do this, you need to make a plan.

For quitting smoking at home, commit that if you reach for a cigarette—then leave the house before you light it. And for planning to quit smoking completely, commit that if you feel like smoking, then pray 2 rakat salat instantly.

1.1. Goal-setting (behaviour) quit attempt

1.3. Goal-setting (outcome) smoke free home

1.4. Action planning

1.9. Commitment

[Unchanged]

[Unchanged]

5th

Self-efficacy (prompt action planning)

Sura Ar-Ra’d – 11 (13:11)

The fact is that Allah does not change a people’s lot unless they themselves change their own characteristics

You can trust Allah to help you, but to receive that support, you must take a step by yourself in faith. Trust that Allah will give you everything you need.

You can feel it difficult to quit smoking at home. But if YOU cannot make this simple change of behaviour for the sake of your family members, how can you expect Allah will help them in other ways? So, you need to make a plan that if you feel like smoking when you are at home—then leave the house before you light it.

3.1. Social support (unspecified)

1.4. Action planning

1.9. Commitment

[Unchanged]

[Unchanged]

6th

Coping planning

Sura Nooh—10–12 (71:10–12)

I said to them: 'Ask forgiveness from your Lord; surely He is Most Forgiving. He will shower upon you torrents from heaven, and will provide you with wealth and children, and will bestow upon you gardens and rivers.

Allah knows you, Allah knows everything. He knows that you will need his forgiveness. Be quick to come to Him. Trust that He will be with you as you come back to the right path.

So make a plan that if you lapse, then you will call on Allah for forgiveness and recommit yourself and rehearse your plans.

3.1. Social support (unspecified)

1.4. Action planning

1.9. Commitment

Surah Al-Maaida—Ayah 9 (5:9)

Allah has promised those who believe and do righteous deeds [that] for them there is forgiveness and great reward.

[Unchanged]

7th

Attitude

Sura Al Maaida—90 (5:90)

Believers! Intoxicants, games of chance, idolatrous sacrifices at altars, and divining arrows are all abominations, the handiwork of Satan. So turn wholly away from it that you may attain to true success.

Tobacco is toxic. Your body becomes reliant on nicotine. It doesn’t relieve stress. It only relieves withdrawal syndrome from your addiction.

Tobacco is the handiwork of Satan. Do you want true success? Turn away wholly from tobacco.

5.1 Information about health consequences

5.2 Salience of consequences

5.6 Information about

emotional consequences 5.3 Information about social and environmental consequences

[Unchanged]

[Unchanged]

8th

Attitude

Surah Al-Maaida–Ayah 100 (5:100)

Say, “Not equal are the evil and the good, although the abundance of evil might impress you.” So, fear Allah, O you of understanding, that you may be successful.

A number of you may believe that smoking is good because it helps keep you warm or stops you getting fat, or manages your stress. But Allah, in his grace, has given us eye to see, ears to hear and a mind to enquire. What do the experts tell us? Experts tell us that it does nothing but harm you and those who are staying beside you when you are smoking. The only relief you feel getting after smoking is the relief from withdrawal syndrome which we mistakenly think as stress relief.

9.1. Credible source

5.1 Information about health consequences

5.2 Salience of consequences

5.6 Information about emotional consequences

5.3 Information about social and environmental consequences

[Unchanged]

[Unchanged]

9th

Social norms

Sura At-Baqara–195 (2:195)

And do good; indeed, Allah loves the doers of good.

Globally 6 million people die every year from smoke. Those who smoke among us are directly causing harms to others unknowingly. So, we need to be aware and careful about that. We need to take away these messages to others. We need to make our families safe from this harm.

6.ϯ. Information about others’ approval

5.1 Information about health consequences

5.2 Salience of consequences

5.6 Information about emotional consequences 5.3 Information about social and environmental consequences

[Unchanged]

[Unchanged]

10th

Intention formation

Sura Al-Baqara:269 (2:269)

He gives wisdom to whom He wills, and whoever has been given wisdom has certainly been given much good. And none will remember except those of understanding.

Allah has given you wisdom, but to remember it, you have to act on it. Only then you and others will be benefitted by it.

If you are going to do something, you need to make a plan. For example, if you reach for a cigarette when you are at home—then leave the house before you light it. And for quitting smoking, you should plan like this—if you feel the urge to smoke, pray 2 rakat salat instantly.

1.1. Goal-setting (behaviour) quit attempt

1.3. Goal-setting (outcome) smoke-free home

1.4. Action planning

1.9. Commitment

Surah Ash-Shams—Ayah 7 to 10 (91:7–10)

And [by] the soul and He who proportioned it. And inspired it [with discernment of] its wickedness and its righteousness, He has succeeded who purifies it, and he has failed who instils it [with corruption].

[Unchanged]

11th

Self-efficacy (prompt action planning)

Sura At-Talaaq-4 (65:4)

And whoever fears Allah—He will make for him of his matter ease.

Those who smoke can find it difficult to quit smoking or they can find it hard to go outside home every time they want to smoke. But believe it, Allah will help you if you wish to listen to him. One can make simple plans to overcome such issues. Just commit to yourself and others (if you can) that whenever you feel the urge of smoking, go outside home to light it or pray 2 rakat salat instantly.

3.1. Social support (unspecified)

1.4. Action planning

1.9. Commitment

Surah At-Taghaabun—Ayah 16 (64:16)

So, fear Allah as much as you are able and listen and obey and spend [in the way of Allah]; it is better for yourselves. And whoever is protected from the stinginess of his soul—it is those who will be the successful.

[Unchanged]

12th

Coping planning

Sura Luqman – 17 (31:17)

Son, establish Prayer, enjoin all that is good and forbid all that is evil, and endure with patience whatever affliction befalls you. *29 Surely these have been emphatically enjoined.

Allah knows best about His creatures. He understands that we may do things that will harm us and others. That is why, he encouraged us to enjoy all that is good and forbid all that is evil and keep patience in times of affliction.

We must remind ourselves these words of our creator again and again. We must try to make our habits safe for others. We must remember the possible harms of our behaviour to others like smoking at home and repetitively plan to keep us and our families safe from its harm.

3.1. Social support (unspecified)

1.4. Action planning

1.9. Commitment

Surah Al-Hajj—Ayah 77 (22:77)

O you who have believed, bow and prostrate and worship your Lord and do good—that you may succeed

[Unchanged]