Table 2 Summary of findings at baseline N = 150

 Age (years)

27.29 (5.18)

 Years of education

7.77 (4.79)

 Housewife

121 (82.3%)

 Employed

26 (17.7%)

McArthur Subjective Social Status Scale ≤ 3

(Range 1-10; higher score denotes perceived higher social status)

44 (29.5%)

Mean household effects (assets) Max. score: 16

6.55 (1.86)

  Parity

2.28 (1.54)

  Nulliparous

12 (8%)

  Unplanned pregnancy

92 (62.2%)

 Access to ultrasound

145 (97%)

 At least one antenatal check-up in the 1^st trimester of pregnancy

120 (80%)

Intention to breastfeed

148 (98.6%)

 Intended duration of breastfeeding (months)

16.50 (9.24)

 Believes spanking does not harm children

37 (24.6%)

 Living with the participant (not away because of employment/divorce etc.)

138 (93.9%)

 Age

32.14 (6.98)

 Education

9.40 (4.80)

 Husband held a paid job in last 12 months

140 (93.9%)

 Neighborhood cohesion (1–4; higher score means more cohesion)

2.09 (0.83)

 Neighborhood intergenerational closeness (1–4; higher score means more closeness)

2.22 (0.75)

 Neighborhood disorder (1-4; higher score means more disordered neighborhood)

1.74 (0.62)

  Drunk/intoxicated people on street

34 (23%)

  Vandalism in neighborhood

30 (20%)

  Litter on streets

85 (57%)

Neighborhood ties

1.93 (0.90)

 ACE-IQ score

1.87 (1.90)

  Any ACE item experienced

119 (81%)

  ≥ 4 ACE items experienced

38 (21.8%)

  Physical

39 (26.6%)

  Emotional

39 (26.6%)

  Sexual

7 (4.8%)

  Household member violently treated

81 (55.1%)

  Physical neglect

36 (24.5%)

  Alcoholic/drug abuser household member

12 (8.2%)

  Depressed suicidal/mentally ill household member

9 (6.3%)

  Imprisoned household member

9 (6.1%)

  Parents ever separated or divorced

7 (4.8%)

Partner supportiveness/relationship score (max score of 5—higher the score, higher the level of support)

4.17 (0.87)

 IPV-LT (any form)

68 (46.3%)

 Pregnancy-IPV (any form)

46 (31.3%)

  Physical

18 (12.2%)

  Sexual

13 (8.8%)

  Emotional

38 (25.9%)

 Social support from family

4.06 (0.92)

 Social support from friends

3.53 (1.15)

Wellbeing WHO-5 (0-100, higher score means higher wellbeing)

49.41 (32.20)

Depression (PHQ-9) (mean, SD; score 0–27)

8.23 (7.0)

 Depressed (≥ 10)

56 (38.1%)

 Moderate depression (10–14)

35 (23.8%)

 Moderately severe depression (15–19)

16 (10.9%)

 Severe depression (20–27)

5 (3.4%)

Perceived stress scores (Max. score of 4. Higher scores indicate higher levels of perceived stress)

2.14 (0.58)

 Stress more than every second day

40 (27%)

Aggression scores (1-5; higher means higher aggression)

2.09 (0.55)

Self-reported adult ADHD (Max. score of 5)

1.70 (0.63)

Self-control (max. score of 5. Higher scores indicate higher level of self-control)

4.14 (0.58)

 Lifetime prevalence

12 (8.2%)

 6 month prevalence

12 (8.2%)

 Tobacco

9 (6.2%)

 Sleeping pills

2 (1.33%)

 Other

1 (0.66%)

Anticipation (max score of 4. Higher scores indicate higher levels of attachment)

2.29 (0.73)

 Almost never Imagine calling baby by name

71 (47.3%)

 Almost always wonder what baby looks like

42 (28.1%)

Differentiation (max score of 4. Higher scores indicate higher levels of attachment)

1.99 (0.65)

 Almost never think the baby has a personality

78 (51.7%)

 Almost always thought her actions affected baby

66 (43.8%)

Interaction (max score of 4. Higher scores indicate higher levels of attachment)

1.95 (0.66)

 Almost never let other people put their hands on the abdomen

128 (84.9%)

 Almost always enjoy the baby move

91 (60.3%)