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Table 3 Motor skills and executive functions of participating children, stratified by sex and residential settings

From: International study of 24-h movement behaviors of early years (SUNRISE): a pilot study from Bangladesh

Variables

All

(n = 63)

Boys

(n = 35)

Girls

(n = 28)

p valued

Urban

(n = 48)

Less developed

(n = 15)

p valuee

Gross motor skills

46.7 (43.4,50.0)

46.1 (41.4,50.9)

47.5 (42.6, 52.3)

0.78

45.7 (41.6, 49.8)

50.0 (44.8, 55.2)

0.42

Development status, n (%)

       

Below cutoff

Close to cutoff

Above cutoff

17 (27.0)

9 (14.3)

37 (58.7)

10 (28.6)

6 (17.1)

19 (54.3)

7 (25.0)

3 (10.7)

18 (64.3)

 

15 (31.3)

5 (10.4)

28 (58.3)

2 (13.3)

4 (26.7)

9 (60.0)

 

Fine motor skills

40.0 (35.7, 44.3)

36.3 (29.9, 42.6)

44.6 (39.0, 50.3)

0.07

39.4 (34.3, 44.4)

42.0 (32.7, 51.3)

0.58

Development status, n (%)

       

Below cutoff

14 (22.2)

11 (31.4)

3 (10.7)

 

11 (22.9)

3 (20.0)

 

Close to cutoff

17 (27.0)

9 (25.7)

8 (28.6)

 

14 (29.2)

3 (20.0)

 

Above cutoff

32 (50.8)

15 (42.9)

17 (60.7)

 

23 (47.9)

9 (60.0)

 

Executive functions

Working memorya

1.74 (1.50, 1.98)

1.68 (1.34, 2.03)

1.81 (1.47, 2.16)

0.61

1.58 (1.31, 1.85)

2.26 ± (1.77, 2.76)

0.024

Inhibitionb

0.48 (0.42, 0.54)

0.49 (0.40, 0.59)

0.46 (0.38, 0.54)

0.69

0.46 (0.39, 0.53)

0.53 (0.39, 0.67)

0.24

Shiftingc

7.15 (6.55, 7.75)

7.00 (6.16, 7.84)

7.33 (6.44, 8.23)

0.45

7.30 (6.57, 8.02)

6.64 (5.59, 7.70)

0.34

  1. Data presented as mean(95% confidence interval), unless otherwise indicated.
  2. Analytical sample: an = 60 (35 boys, 25 girls; 46 urban, 14 less developed); bn = 51 (27 boys, 24 girls; 37 urban, 14 less developed); cn = 61 (34 boys, 27 girls; 47 urban, 14 less developed )
  3. Differences were tested using Mann-Whitney U tests by dsex and eresidential settings; bold values indicate statistically significant at p < 0.05