Diarrhoea Management using Over-the-counter Nutraceuticals in Daily practice (DIAMOND): a feasibility RCT on alternative therapy to reduce antibiotic use

Table 2 Effectiveness of diarrhoea treatments on antibiotic use, duration and severity of symptoms

	Number analysed	Group A Loperamide only	Group B Loperamide and berberine		Group C Loperamide and turmeric		Group D Loperamide and turmeric and berberine
	Number analysed	Crude outcome	Crude outcome	Adjusted^a estimate (95% CI)	Crude outcome	Adjusted^a estimate (95% CI)	Crude outcome	Adjusted^a estimate (95% CI)
Antibiotic use (n, %)	133	2 (6.0)	0 (0.0)	-	0 (0.0)	-	0 (0.0)	-
Duration until diarrhoea resolved in hours (median, IQR)	127	18 (10, 33)	14 (10, 22)	-	20 (16, 54)	-	16 (10, 22)	-
Proportion diarrhoea resolved^b at 24 h (n, %)	132	22 (64.7)	25 (73.5)	OR 1.5 (0.5, 4.3)	19 (55.9)	OR 0.7 (0.3, 1.8)	24 (70.6)	OR 1.3 (0.5, 3.6)
Mean symptom severity^c during first 48h (mean, SD)	125	0.5 (0.6)	0.4 (0.4)	MD −0.1 (−0.4, 0.2)	0.6 (0.7)	MD 0.1 (−0.2, 0.4)	0.5 (0.5)	MD 0.0 (−0.3, 0.3)

^aAdjusted for number of loose stools at baseline, mean severity at baseline and prior duration
^bLogistic regression of proportion diarrhoea resolved on group, adjusted for variables listed above^a. Estimate reported as odds ratio (OR, 95% CI) compared to reference group A
^cLinear regression of mean symptom severity on group, adjusted for variables listed above*. Estimate reported as mean difference (MD, 95% CI) compared to reference group A

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