Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

• Adult female (≥ 18 years old)

• Clinically stable MS (EDSS ≤ 6.5)

• Bladder symptoms ≥ 3 months

• VD diagnosis, defined as

o %PVR/BC > 40%, OR

o Liverpool Nomogram percentile < 10%, OR

o Perform self-catheterization

• Male

• Severe debilitating MS

• History of recent seizure (< 1 year)

• Pregnant or planning to become pregnant

• Contraindication to MRI

• History of augmentation cystoplasty

• Recent BTX-A injection (< 6 months)

• Other neurological disorders beside MS