|
Category
|
Outcome
|
Baseline
|
6 weeks
|
12 weeksa
|
p values
|
|---|
|
M
|
SE
|
M
|
SE
|
M
|
SE
|
Baseline to 6 weeks
|
Baseline to 12 weeks
|
6 weeks to 12 weeks
|
|---|
|
Symptoms
|
VISA-P (points)
|
59.6
|
3.8
|
68.8
|
3.8
|
75.6
|
4.0
|
0.043
|
0.001
|
0.136
|
|
Palpatory pain (NPRS)
|
3.8
|
0.5
|
2.8
|
0.6
|
2.3
|
0.6
|
0.010
|
0.006
|
0.347
|
|
Quality of life
|
KOOS-QOL (%)
|
42.4
|
3.7
|
58.9
|
3.7
|
68.0
|
3.9
|
< 0.001
|
< 0.001
|
0.029
|
|
Psychological factors
|
TSK (points)
|
36.4
|
1.1
|
35.8
|
1.1
|
34.2
|
1.1
|
0.448
|
0.015
|
0.075
|
|
DASS-21 (points)
|
3.2
|
1.0
|
3.4
|
1.1
|
5.6
|
1.1
|
0.847
|
0.040
|
0.061
|
|
PCS (points) b
|
2.0
|
6.0
|
1.0
|
2.0
|
1.0
|
3.0
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
|
Morphology
|
Thickness (mm)
|
6.9
|
0.5
|
6.8
|
0.5
|
6.6
|
0.6
|
0.427
|
0.329
|
0.678
|
|
CSA (mm2)
|
111.9
|
11.0
|
118.0
|
10.6
|
118.0
|
12.0
|
0.355
|
0.443
|
1.000
|
|
Mechanical properties
|
Shear Modulus (kPa)
|
70.6
|
6.3
|
77.1
|
6.2
|
79.8
|
9.2
|
0.427
|
0.391
|
0.796
|
|
Viscosity (Pa*sec)
|
31.6
|
2.4
|
29.7
|
2.3
|
33.0
|
3.1
|
0.396
|
0.628
|
0.268
|
|
Lower extremity function
|
CMJ height (cm)
|
12.1
|
1.2
|
13.3
|
1.2
|
13.7
|
1.3
|
0.033
|
0.045
|
0.620
|
|
Drop CMJ height (cm)
|
13.4
|
1.2
|
13.9
|
1.3
|
13.4
|
1.4
|
0.423
|
0.953
|
0.588
|
|
Quadriceps muscle performance
|
MVIC (N)
|
860.9
|
56.7
|
995.9
|
60.0
|
1053.4
|
85.6
|
0.138
|
0.082
|
0.601
|
|
CAR (%)
|
80.6
|
3.3
|
84.1
|
3.8
|
90.7
|
4.9
|
0.440
|
0.076
|
0.250
|
- CSA Cross-sectional area, CMJ Counter-movement jump, MVIC Maximal voluntary isometric contraction, CAR Central activation ratio, NPRS Numeric pain rating scale
- Bold indicates statistically significant differences between timepoints
- an = 14 for patient reported outcome measures at 12 weeks (VISA-P, TSK, PCS, DASS-21) due to participant drop-out. n = 8 for all other measures at 12 weeks due to inability to complete in-person follow-ups because of COVID-19
- bPCS did not meet assumption of linearity so model significance was not tested and values reported are median and interquartile range, respectively
