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Table 5 Tummy time per day (min), percentage of infants meeting 24-h movement guidelines (tummy time), motor development scores (AIMS), and head shape (mm)

From: Weekly group tummy time classes are feasible and acceptable to mothers with infants: a pilot cluster randomized controlled trial

 

Intervention group (N = 16)

Control group (N = 19)

Total (N = 35)

Cohen’s d

Tummy time per day in min, mean (95% CI)

 Baseline

40.0 (14.9–64.2) (n = 15)

52.4 (28.6–76.1) (n = 16)

46.0 (28.8–63.1) (n = 31)

0.3

 Post-intervention

30.3 (0.0–60.6) (n = 10)

16.6 (0.0–42.1) (n = 15)

23.5 (3.6–43.3) (n = 25)

0.5

 6 months old

51.5 (21.2–81.9) (n = 10)

59.1 (35.4–82.9) (n = 16)

55.3 (36.1–74.6) (n = 26)

0.1

Met recommendations (%)

 Baseline

53.8% (n = 15)

50.0% (n = 16)

51.9% (n = 31)

0.01

 Post-intervention

30% (n = 10)

13.3% (n = 15)

21.7% (n = 25)

0.5

 6 months old

70% (n = 10)

56.3% (n = 16)

63.2% (n = 26)

0.3

AIMS scores, mean (95% CI)

 Baseline

n = 16

n = 18

n = 34

 

  Prone

2.3 (1.3–3.3)

2.3 (1.4–3.3)

2.3 (1.7–3.0)

0.0

  Supine

2.4 (1.9–3.0)

2.6 (2.1–3.1)

2.5 (2.1–2.9)

0.3

  Sitting

1.0 (0.4–1.6)

1.2 (0.6–1.8)

1.1 (0.7–1.5)

0.3

  Standing

1.0 (0.7–1.3)

1.2 (1.0–1.5)

1.1 (0.9–1.3)

0.5

  Total

6.7 (4.7–8.7)

7.3 (5.4–9.2)

7.0 (5.6–8.4)

0.3

 Post-intervention

n = 13

n = 18

n = 31

 

  Prone

3.5 (2.5–4.6)

3.2 (2.2–4.1)

3.4 (2.6–4.1)

0.5

  Supine

3.4 (2.8–4.0)

3.6 (3.2–4.1)

3.5 (3.1–3.9)

0.5

  Sitting

1.8 (1.1–2.5)

1.4 (0.8–2.0)

1.6 (1.2–2.1)

0.7

  Standing

1.5 (1.2–1.8)

1.6 (1.3–1.8)

1.5 (1.4–1.7)

0.0

  Total

10.3 (8.0–12.5)

9.8 (7.9–11.7)

10.0 (8.6–11.5)

0.2

 6 months old

n = 10

n = 17

n = 27

 

  Prone

7.8 (6.6–9.0)

8.7 (7.8–9.7)

8.3 (7.5–9.0)

0.3

  Supine

6.9 (6.2–7.6)

6.9 (6.4–7.4)

6.9 (6.5–7.3)

0.1

  Sitting

5.1 (4.3–5.8)

5.3 (4.7–5.9)

5.2 (4.7–5.7)

0.1

  Standing

2.2 (1.9–2.5)

2.5 (2.2–2.7)

2.3 (2.1–2.5)

0.5

  Total

21.9 (19.4–24.5)

23.4 (21.5–25.4)

22.7 (21.1–24.3)

0.2

Head shape, mean (95% CI)

 Baseline

n = 15

n = 18

n = 34

 

  CDD (mm)

3.1 (2.0–4.1)

3.6 (2.6–4.5)

3.3 (2.6–4.0)

0.1

  CI (%)

81.8 (78.8–84.9)

82.6 (79.8–85.5)

82.2 (80.2–84.3)

0.1

 Post-intervention

n = 12

n = 18

n = 31

 

  CDD (mm)

1.7 (0.5–2.9)

3.4 (2.4–4.4)

2.5 (1.8–3.3)

0.7

  CI (%)

85.7* (82.5–88.8)

82.5 (79.6–85.3)

84.1 (82.0–86.2)

0.6

 6 months old

n = 9

n = 17

n = 27

 

  CDD (mm)

2.0 (0.7–3.4)

2.4 (1.4–3.4)

2.2 (1.4–3.0)

0.0

  CI (%)

84.8 (81.6–88.1)

82.8 (80.0–85.7)

83.8 (81.7–86.0)

0.2

  1. AIMS Alberta Infant Motor Scale, CDD cranial diagonal difference, CI Cranial Index; 95% CI 95% confidence interval
  2. *p = 0.012 intervention group baseline to post-intervention measures only