Table 1 The four vestibular exercised included in the intervention group, a–e indicating progression in difficulty of the exercise

Standing on a padded mat, feet as close to each other as the patient was able to.

a. Move your eyes from right to left

b. Close your eyes

c. Close your eyes and move your head from right to left

Sitting on a Swiss ball.

a. Feet on the floor, bounce up and down on the ball, move your eyes to the right and left

b. Feet on the floor, bounce up and down on the ball, move your head from right to left

c. As above with closed eyes

d. As above (a + b + c) but with your feet on a wobble board

Standing on a trampoline.

a. Feet wide apart and bounce up and down

b. Legs wide apart and bounce up and down while moving your eyes from right to left

c. As above, with closed eyes

d. As above, but also move your head up and down

e. As above, but with your feet close to each other

Sitting on a chair or on the edge of a bed.

a. Stand up and sit down, looking from right to left at the same time

b. As above, with head movements to the right and left

c. As above, with head movements to the right and left, and with eyes closed

d. As above, (a + b + c) with feet on a padded mat