Table 2 Self-reported outcomes assessed at baseline and 6-week follow-up
Domain | Measure | Description |
|---|---|---|
Pain-related disability | 24 items on ability to perform everyday tasks, range 0–24, higher scores indicate higher pain-related disability | |
LBP intensity, average past week | NRS [24] | LBP intensity rated on an NRS, range 0–10, higher scores indicate higher LBP intensity |
Fear-avoidance | 5 items on LBP and physical activity, range 0–24, higher scores indicate higher fear-avoidance beliefs | |
Self-efficacy | 10 items on confidence to cope with LBP, range 0–60, higher scores indicate higher confidence | |
Work ability | WAI [29] | Single item on work ability rated on a NRS, range 0–10, higher scores indicate better work ability |
Physical functioning | Participants identify up to 2 important activities and rate the ability to perform these activities, range 0–10, higher scores indicate better functioning | |
Health-related QoL | EQ-5D [32] | 5 items (mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, anxiety/depression) and a 100-mm vertical VAS on health, higher scores indicate better health |
Mental health | PHQ-8 [47] | 8 items on symptoms of depression, range 0–24, higher scores indicate higher level of depressive symptoms |
Perceived stress | PSS [33] | 10 items on perception of stress, range 0–40, higher scores indicate higher level of perceived stress |
Illness perception | BIPQ [34] | 8 items on perception of how LBP interferes with everyday life, range 0–80, higher scores indicate more threatening perception of LBP |
No. of pain sites | Pain mannequin | No. of body sites with current pain, range 0–9, including the following body regions: neck, shoulders, upper back, elbows, lower back, wrists/hands, hips/thighs, knees, and ankles/feet. |
Activity limitation | 2 items (yes/no) on whether LBP has reduced activity during work and/or leisure | |
Leisure time physical activity | SGPALS [35] | 4 categories ranging from sedentary to regular hard physical activity |
Sleep | 4 items (problems falling asleep, waking up repeatedly, waking up too early, and daytime sleepiness), range 0–12, higher scores indicate more severe sleep problems | |
Satisfaction | PASS [36] | Single item on whether an acceptable symptom state has been achieved (yes/no). Assessed only at 6-week follow-up |
Perceived effect | GPE [37] | Single item on perception of effect from the intervention, scored on balanced scale ranging from “very much worse” to “very much better.” Assessed only at 6-week follow-up |