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Table 3 Outcome changes over 24 weeks (N = 11)

From: Health literacy enhanced intervention for inner-city African Americans with uncontrolled diabetes: a pilot study

Variable

Mean (SD)

Mean change (SD) at 12 weeksa

Mean change (SD) at 24 weeksb

Effect size at 12 weeks†

Effect size at 24 weeks††

Baseline

12 weeks

24 weeks

Hemoglobin A1C, %

9.3 (1.6)

8.9 (1.8)

10.3 (3.2)

− 0.4 (0.8)

0.9 (3.6)

− 0.27

0.58

Fasting glucose, mg/dL

195.8 (121.9)

172.9 (52.9)

206.4 (109.0)

− 22.9 (126.4)

10.6 (124.1)

− 0.19

0.09

HDL cholesterol, mg/dL

46.5 (11.7)

44.7 (10.3)

44.3 (13.2)

− 1.7 (5.6)

− 2.2 (6.2)

− 0.15

− 0.19

LDL cholesterol, mg/dL

92.5 (25.2)

84.4 (19.4)

83.5 (23.0)

− 8.2 (13.1)

− 9 (23.7)

− 0.33

− 0.36

Triglycerides, mg/dL

129.1 (63.1)

113.4 (50.0)

141.1 (85.5)

− 15.7 (36.7)

12 (80.2)

− 0.25

0.19

Systolic BP, mmHg

130.0 (13.7)

127.5 (16.7)

130.5 (16.9)

− 2.4 (15.1)

0.6 (15.9)

− 0.14

0.04

Diastolic BP, mmHg

78.6 (7.1)

86.3 (34.2)

84.2 (8.3)

7.7 (33.2)

5.6 (7.8)

1.09

0.79

BMI

40.0 (10.4)

39.5 (9.8)

40.8 (9.7)

− 0.6 (1.9)

− 0.3 (3.1)

− 0.06

− 0.03

LAD

59.5 (0.9)

58.8 (2.0)

60 (0.0)

0.6 (2.0)

0.4 (0.8)

0.69

0.43

NVS

1.7 (1.2)

2.3 (1.4)

2.4 (1.5)

0.6 (1.4)

0.6 (1.1)

0.46

0.54

PHQ-9

6.0 (5.7)

7.0 (6.8)

6.1 (6.0)

0.6 (3.1)

− 0.6 (2.8)

0.09

− 0.10

DKT

6.0 (2.3)

7.2 (1.6)

7.5 (2.2)

1.2 (2.3)

1.6 (2.3)

0.52

0.68

DKT-insulin

1.0 (1.2)

1.4 (1.2)

1.2 (1.0)

0.4 (0.7)

0.2 (1.2)

0.31

0.15

SDSES

6.9 (1.9)

8.0 (1.5)

7.6 (1.8)

1.1 (2.0)

0.6 (2.0)

0.57

0.32

Self-care index

3.8 (1.4)

4.5 (1.4)

3.9 (0.8)

0.4 (1.6)

0.2 (1.1)

0.29

0.15

mMOS-SS

38.0 (12.5)

39.1 (9.3)

40.3 (8.7)

1.5 (15.2)

4.7 (16.1)

0.12

0.36

EQ-5

1.6 (0.4)

1.6 (0.4)

1.5 (0.4)

0.2 (1.6)

− 0.3 (1.3)

0.10

− 0.14

EQ-5-VAS

62.3 (25.6)

73.3 (23.8)

71.4 (22.0)

8.7 (14.5)

13.6 (25.7)

0.30

0.48

  1. BMI body mass index, HDL high density lipoprotein, LDL low density lipoprotein, DKT Diabetes Knowledge Test, LAD Literacy Assessment in Diabetes, REALM Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy, NVS Newest Vital Sign, PHQ-9 Patient Health Questionnaire-9, SDSES Stanford Diabetes Self-Efficacy scale; mMOS-SS modified Medical Outcomes Study-Social Support Survey, EQ-5 EuroQol-5, EQ-5-VAS EuroQol-5-visual analogue scale
  2. aMean change from baseline to 12 weeks
  3. bMean change from baseline to 24 weeks
  4. †Mean change from baseline to 12 weeks divided by the standard deviation at baseline
  5. ††Mean change from baseline to 24 weeks divided by the standard deviation at baseline
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Pilot and Feasibility Studies

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