Table 2 Patient outcome measurements

Demographics

Gender, age

x

Education (no qualification, vocational training, higher education < 3 years, higher education ≥ 3 years)

Work situation

Job type (ordinary work, unemployed, rehabilitation, retired, student/housewife/other)

x

LBP history

Pain duration (< 4 weeks, 4–12 weeks, 3–12 months, or > 1 year)

x

Previous number of episodes of back pain (0, 1, 2–3, or > 3)

Time since treatment was initiated for the current episode (< 2 weeks, 2–4 weeks, or > 4 weeks)

Number of health care visits for the current episode (1, 2–5, 6–10, or > 10)

Risk profile

The START Back screening tool (low risk, medium risk, high risk of poor prognosis) [19]

x

Activity limitation

Oswestry Disability Index (0–100; higher scores reflect more disability) [20, 21]

x

x

Pain intensity

Numeric Rating Scale 0–10 for LBP and leg pain (0 = no pain, 10 = worst imaginable pain) [22]

x

x

Sick leave

Number of days of sick leave in the last 3 months in those who were working (0 days, 1–14 days, or > 14days)

x

Illness perceptions

The Brief Illness Perceptions Questionnaire [23, 24] (range 0–80; higher scores reflect more threatening view)

x

x

Fear of movement

Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire, subscale: physical activity (0–24; higher scores reflect more fear-avoidance beliefs) [25, 26]

x

x

Quality of life

Mental wellbeing: SF-36 subscale transformed (0–100; 0 = very poor, 100 = very good)

x

x

Social functioning limited by physical health: SF-36 item 6. 1 = not at all, 5 = extremely. Impaired social function defined as scores 3 (moderate) to 5 (extremely)

Self-efficacy

The Back Pain Enablement Instrument (range 0–60; higher scores reflect higher sense of enablement). Modified from the Pain Enablement Instrument [27, 28]

x

x

Perceived physical fitness

Sum score of self-assessed strength, endurance, cardiovascular fitness, balance (range 0–40; higher scores reflect better perceived fitness) [29]

x

x

Pain medication

Current use of over the counter or prescribed pain medication (yes/no)

x

x

Physical back performance

Standing forward bending (0: did not perform; 1: performed with pain and with unusual movement; 2: performed without pain and with unusual movement; 3: performed with pain and with normal movement; 4: Performed without pain and with normal movement) [30]

x

x

Trunk flexor endurance test (seconds in static flexion) [31, 32]

The Ito back extensor endurance test (seconds in static extension) [31, 33]

Active straight leg raise (0: no leg lift; 1: pain with leg lifting not disappearing with activation of abdominals; 2: pain with leg lifting that disappear with activation of abdominals; 3: no pain with leg lifting (0–2 = impaired)) [34]

Content of intervention

Received listed intervention (yes/no)

x

Advice about daily activities

Thorough information (education individually or in groups)

Exercise therapy (individually or in groups)

Manual therapy

Massage

Passive modalities or needles (e.g. laser, ultrasound, acupuncture)

Satisfaction

Overall, are you satisfied with your course of care (5-point Likert)

x