Table 1 Outcome data collected from participating children, parents, and other family members
Assessment | Data collection method | Data processing |
|---|---|---|
Child assessments | ||
Sex, date of birth, postcode | Obtained from weight management service records, verified by parent/child | Home postcodes mapped to Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) 2015 scores [34], which were categorised into quintiles using nationally derived quintile cut offs |
Ethnicity, religion, language | Reported by parent/carer | |
Height | Marsden Weighing Group © Leicester Height Measure HM-250P (two measures taken, with a third measure if > 4 mm difference; two closest measures averaged) | BMI calculated (kg/m2); age- and sex-specific z-scores derived for BMI, percentage body fat, and waist circumference using the relevant UK reference data [21, 35, 36] |
Weight and percentage body fat | TANITA® BC-420MA body composition scales (light clothing, no shoes, empty bladder) | |
Waist circumference | Lufkin® W606 PM flexible steel tape measure (two measures taken; with a third measure if > 4 mm difference; two closest measures averaged) | |
Pubertal status | Simplified visual assessment of breast development in girls, facial hair in boys (based on the Tanner scale [37]). Parent report whether girls had started menstruating | |
Objective 7-day physical activity record | Wrist-worn GeneActiv© (Activinsights, Cambs, UK) or waist-worn Actigraph GT3X + © (ActiGraph, Pensacola, FL) on non-dominant side of body for 7 days | |
Health-related quality of life | Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ (PedsQL) [38, 39] (aged 5–7 or 8–12 years; self-report) | Scales converted to 0–100 point scales, with higher scores indicating better quality of life; total score and subscale scores calculated (physical, emotional, social and school functioning) |
The Child Health Utility 9D (CHU 9D) [40,41,42]—a preference based measure of health-related quality of life for use in children, allowing calculation of QALYsa | ||
Body image questionnaire | Figure Rating Scale (adapted for use in multi-ethnic populations) [43, 44] | Body dissatisfaction scores derived by subtracting ‘ideal self’ from ‘self’ score (range of scores: − 8 to + 8; 0 indicates body satisfaction, negative values indicate child would like to be smaller, positive values indicate child would like to be larger) |
Child dietary patterns | Children’s Dietary Questionnaire [45] (completed by parent/carer)—28-item questionnaire that measures intake patterns of a variety of healthy and unhealthy foods; adapted for use in the local population | Scores calculated for intake of fruit and vegetables; dairy; sugar-sweetened beverages; and non-core foods |
Parent assessments | ||
Ethnicity, religion, language, place of birth and when moved to UK, age when left full time education, highest educational qualification, employment status | Self-reported | |
Family diet and activity habits | Family Nutrition and Physical activity survey [46] | Total score calculated |
Authoritative parenting style | Authoritative parenting dimension of the Parenting Styles and Dimensions questionnaire [47] | Subscale score from 1 to 5 calculated |
Parental self-efficacy | Parental Locus of Control scale [48] | Subscale score from 1 to 5 calculated |
Parental feeding practices | Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire [49] (9 subscales included) | Subscale scores from 1 to 5 calculated (child control, encouraging balance and variety, environment, modelling, monitoring, restriction for health, restriction for weight control, teaching about nutrition, and involvement) |
Height, weight, % body fat | As for child | BMI calculated (kg/m2) |
Assessments with other family members | ||
Date of birth | Self-reported (or proxy reported by parent for younger children) | |
Height, weight, % body fat | As for child | BMI calculated (kg/m2) |