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Child assessments
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Sex, date of birth, postcode
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Obtained from weight management service records, verified by parent/child
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Home postcodes mapped to Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) 2015 scores [34], which were categorised into quintiles using nationally derived quintile cut offs
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Ethnicity, religion, language
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Reported by parent/carer
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Height
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Marsden Weighing Group © Leicester Height Measure HM-250P (two measures taken, with a third measure if > 4 mm difference; two closest measures averaged)
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BMI calculated (kg/m2); age- and sex-specific z-scores derived for BMI, percentage body fat, and waist circumference using the relevant UK reference data [21, 35, 36]
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Weight and percentage body fat
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TANITA® BC-420MA body composition scales (light clothing, no shoes, empty bladder)
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Waist circumference
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Lufkin® W606 PM flexible steel tape measure (two measures taken; with a third measure if > 4 mm difference; two closest measures averaged)
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Pubertal status
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Simplified visual assessment of breast development in girls, facial hair in boys (based on the Tanner scale [37]). Parent report whether girls had started menstruating
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Objective 7-day physical activity record
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Wrist-worn GeneActiv© (Activinsights, Cambs, UK) or waist-worn Actigraph GT3X + © (ActiGraph, Pensacola, FL) on non-dominant side of body for 7 days
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Health-related quality of life
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Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ (PedsQL) [38, 39] (aged 5–7 or 8–12 years; self-report)
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Scales converted to 0–100 point scales, with higher scores indicating better quality of life; total score and subscale scores calculated (physical, emotional, social and school functioning)
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The Child Health Utility 9D (CHU 9D) [40,41,42]—a preference based measure of health-related quality of life for use in children, allowing calculation of QALYsa
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Body image questionnaire
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Figure Rating Scale (adapted for use in multi-ethnic populations) [43, 44]
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Body dissatisfaction scores derived by subtracting ‘ideal self’ from ‘self’ score (range of scores: − 8 to + 8; 0 indicates body satisfaction, negative values indicate child would like to be smaller, positive values indicate child would like to be larger)
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Child dietary patterns
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Children’s Dietary Questionnaire [45] (completed by parent/carer)—28-item questionnaire that measures intake patterns of a variety of healthy and unhealthy foods; adapted for use in the local population
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Scores calculated for intake of fruit and vegetables; dairy; sugar-sweetened beverages; and non-core foods
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Parent assessments
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Ethnicity, religion, language, place of birth and when moved to UK, age when left full time education, highest educational qualification, employment status
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Self-reported
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Family diet and activity habits
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Family Nutrition and Physical activity survey [46]
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Total score calculated
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Authoritative parenting style
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Authoritative parenting dimension of the Parenting Styles and Dimensions questionnaire [47]
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Subscale score from 1 to 5 calculated
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Parental self-efficacy
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Parental Locus of Control scale [48]
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Subscale score from 1 to 5 calculated
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Parental feeding practices
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Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire [49] (9 subscales included)
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Subscale scores from 1 to 5 calculated (child control, encouraging balance and variety, environment, modelling, monitoring, restriction for health, restriction for weight control, teaching about nutrition, and involvement)
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Height, weight, % body fat
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As for child
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BMI calculated (kg/m2)
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Assessments with other family members
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Date of birth
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Self-reported (or proxy reported by parent for younger children)
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Height, weight, % body fat
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As for child
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BMI calculated (kg/m2)
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